Awards & Winners

Nobel Prize in Literature

Nobel Prize

Since 1901, the Nobel Prize in Literature has been awarded annually to an author from any country who has, in the words of the will of Alfred Nobel, produced "in the field of literature the most outstanding work in an ideal direction". Though individual works are sometimes cited as being particularly noteworthy, here "work" refers to an author's work as a whole. The Swedish Academy decides who, if anyone, will receive the prize in any given year. The academy announces the name of the chosen laureate in early October. It is one of the five Nobel Prizes established by the will of Alfred Nobel in 1895; the others are the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Nobel Prize in Physics, Nobel Peace Prize, and Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine. Nobel's choice of emphasis on idealism in his criteria for the Nobel Prize in Literature has led to recurrent controversy. In the original Swedish, the word idealisk translates as either "idealistic" or "ideal". In the early twentieth century, the Nobel Committee interpreted the intent of the will strictly. For this reason, they did not award certain world-renowned authors of the time such as James Joyce, Leo Tolstoy, Anton Chekhov, Marcel Proust, Henrik Ibsen, and Henry James. More recently, the wording has been more liberally interpreted. Thus, the prize is now awarded both for lasting literary merit and for evidence of consistent idealism on some significant level. In recent years, this means a kind of idealism championing human rights on a broad scale. Hence the award is now arguably more political.
Date Established : 1901

Check all the winners of Nobel Prize in Literature presented under Nobel Prize since 1901 .


Alice Munro

(master of the contemporary short story)

Mo Yan

(who with hallucinatory realism merges folk tales, history and the contemporary)

Tomas Tranströmer

(because, through his condensed, translucent images, he gives us fresh access to reality)

Mario Vargas Llosa

(for his cartography of structures of power and his trenchant images of the individual's resistance, revolt, and defeat)

Herta Müller

(who, with the concentration of poetry and the frankness of prose, depicts the landscape of the dispossessed)

Jean-Marie Gustave Le Clézio

(author of new departures, poetic adventure and sensual ecstasy, explorer of a humanity beyond and below the reigning civilization.)

Doris Lessing

(that epicist of the female experience, who with scepticism, fire and visionary power has subjected a divided civilisation to scrutiny)

Orhan Pamuk

(who in the quest for the melancholic soul of his native city has discovered new symbols for the clash and interlacing of cultures)

Harold Pinter

(who in his plays uncovers the precipice under everyday prattle and forces entry into oppression's closed rooms)

Elfriede Jelinek

(for her musical flow of voices and counter-voices in novels and plays that with extraordinary linguistic zeal reveal the absurdity of society's clichés and their subjugating power)

J. M. Coetzee

(who in innumerable guises portrays the surprising involvement of the outsider)

Imre Kertész

(for writing that upholds the fragile experience of the individual against the barbaric arbitrariness of history)

V.S. Naipaul

(for having united perceptive narrative and incorruptible scrutiny in works that compel us to see the presence of suppressed histories)

Gao Xingjian

(for an æuvre of universal validity, bitter insights and linguistic ingenuity, which has opened new paths for the Chinese novel and drama)

Günter Grass

(whose frolicsome black fables portray the forgotten face of history)

José Saramago

(who with parables sustained by imagination, compassion and irony continually enables us once again to apprehend an elusory reality)

Dario Fo

(who emulates the jesters of the Middle Ages in scourging authority and upholding the dignity of the downtrodden)

Wis?awa Szymborska

(for poetry that with ironic precision allows the historical and biological context to come to light in fragments of human reality)

Seamus Heaney

(for works of lyrical beauty and ethical depth, which exalt everyday miracles and the living past)

Kenzabur? ?e

(who with poetic force creates an imagined world, where life and myth condense to form a disconcerting picture of the human predicament today)

Toni Morrison

(who in novels characterized by visionary force and poetic import, gives life to an essential aspect of American reality)

Derek Walcott

(for a poetic oeuvre of great luminosity, sustained by a historical vision, the outcome of a multicultural commitment)

Nadine Gordimer

(who through her magnificent epic writing has - in the words of Alfred Nobel - been of very great benefit to humanity)

Octavio Paz

(for impassioned writing with wide horizons, characterized by sensuous intelligence and humanistic integrity)

Camilo José Cela

(for a rich and intensive prose, which with restrained compassion forms a challenging vision of man's vulnerability)

Naguib Mahfouz

(who, through works rich in nuance - now clear-sightedly realistic, now evocatively ambiguous - has formed an Arabian narrative art that applies to all mankind)

Joseph Brodsky

(for an all-embracing authorship, imbued with clarity of thought and poetic intensity)

Wole Soyinka

(who in a wide cultural perspective and with poetic overtones fashions the drama of existence)

Claude Simon

(who in his novel combines the poet's and the painter's creativeness with a deepened awareness of time in the depiction of the human condition)

Jaroslav Seifert

(for his poetry which endowed with freshness, sensuality and rich inventiveness provides a liberating image of the indomitable spirit and versatility of man.)

William Golding

(for his novels which, with the perspicuity of realistic narrative art and the diversity and universality of myth, illuminate the human condition in the world of today.)

Gabriel García Márquez

(for his novels and short stories, in which the fantastic and the realistic are combined in a richly composed world of imagination, reflecting a continent's life and conflicts.)

Elias Canetti

(for writings marked by a broad outlook, a wealth of ideas and artistic power.)

Czes?aw Mi?osz

(who with uncompromising clear-sightedness voices man's exposed condition in a world of severe conflicts.)

Odysseas Elytis

(for his poetry, which, against the background of Greek tradition, depicts with sensuous strength and intellectual clear-sightedness modern man's struggle for freedom and creativeness.)

Isaac Bashevis Singer

(for his impassioned narrative art which, with roots in a Polish-Jewish cultural tradition, brings universal human conditions to life)

Vicente Aleixandre

(for a creative poetic writing which illuminates man's condition in the cosmos and in present-day society, at the same time representing the great renewal of the traditions of Spanish poetry between the wars)

Saul Bellow

(for the human understanding and subtle analysis of contemporary culture that are combined in his work)

Eugenio Montale

(for his distinctive poetry which, with great artistic sensitivity, has interpreted human values under the sign of an outlook on life with no illusions)

Harry Martinson

(for writings that catch the dewdrop and reflect the cosmos)

Eyvind Johnson

(for a narrative art, farseeing in lands and ages, in the service of freedom)

Patrick White

(for an epic and psychological narrative art which has introduced a new continent into literature)

Heinrich Böll

(for his writing which through its combination of a broad perspective on his time and a sensitive skill in characterization has contributed to a renewal of German literature)

Pablo Neruda

(for a poetry that with the action of an elemental force brings alive a continent's destiny and dreams)

Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn

(for the ethical force with which he has pursued the indispensable traditions of Russian literature)

Samuel Beckett

(for his writing, which - in new forms for the novel and drama - in the destitution of modern man acquires its elevation)

Yasunari Kawabata

(for his narrative mastery, which with great sensibility expresses the essence of the Japanese mind)

Miguel Ángel Asturias

(for his vivid literary achievement, deep-rooted in the national traits and traditions of Indian peoples of Latin America)

Nelly Sachs

(for her outstanding lyrical and dramatic writing, which interprets Israel's destiny with touching strength)

Shmuel Yosef Agnon

(for his profoundly characteristic narrative art with motifs from the life of the Jewish people)

Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov

(for the artistic power and integrity with which, in his epic of the Don, he has given expression to a historic phase in the life of the Russian people)

Jean-Paul Sartre

(for his work which, rich in ideas and filled with the spirit of freedom and the quest for truth, has exerted a far-reaching influence on our age)

George Seferis

(for his eminent lyrical writing, inspired by a deep feeling for the Hellenic world of culture)

John Steinbeck

(for his realistic and imaginative writings, combining as they do sympathetic humour and keen social perception)

Ivo Andri?

(for the epic force with which he has traced themes and depicted human destinies drawn from the history of his country)

Saint-John Perse

(for the soaring flight and the evocative imagery of his poetry which in a visionary fashion reflects the conditions of our time)

Salvatore Quasimodo

(for his lyrical poetry, which with classical fire expresses the tragic experience of life in our own times)

Boris Pasternak

(for his important achievement both in contemporary lyrical poetry and in the field of the great Russian epic tradition)

Albert Camus

(for his important literary production, which with clear-sighted earnestness illuminates the problems of the human conscience in our times)

Juan Ramón Jiménez

(for his lyrical poetry, which in Spanish language constitutes an example of high spirit and artistical purity)

Halldór Laxness

(for his vivid epic power which has renewed the great narrative art of Iceland)

Ernest Hemingway

(for his mastery of the art of narrative, most recently demonstrated in The Old Man and the Sea, and for the influence that he has exerted on contemporary style)

Winston Churchill

(for his mastery of historical and biographical description as well as for brilliant oratory in defending exalted human values.)

François Mauriac

(for the deep spiritual insight and the artistic intensity with which he has in his novels penetrated the drama of human life.)

Pär Lagerkvist

(for the artistic vigour and true independence of mind with which he endeavours in his poetry to find answers to the eternal questions confronting mankind.)

Bertrand Russell

(in recognition of his varied and significant writings in which he champions humanitarian ideals and freedom of thought.)

Nominations 1950 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Albert Camus
Albert Steffen
Alfred Noyes
Angelos Sikelianos
Arnold Toynbee
Arnulf Øverland
Benedetto Croce
Bertrand Russell
Boris Pasternak
Edward Plunkett, 18th Baron of Dunsany
E. M. Forster
Enrique Larreta
Ernest Hemingway
Eugène Baie
François Mauriac
Georges Duhamel
Gertrud von Le Fort
Graham Greene
Halldór Laxness
Hans Carossa
Henriette Roland Holst
Hermann Broch
J.C. Bloem
Jean Schlumberger
Johan Falkberget
Johannes Jørgensen
John Dewey
Jules Romains
Júlio Dantas
Karen Blixen
Karl Jaspers
Leonid Leonov
Leopold Staff
Lin Yutang
Marie Under
Mark Aldanov
Martin Andersen Nexø
Martin Buber
Mika Waltari
Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov
Nikos Kazantzakis
Pär Lagerkvist
Paul Claudel
Ramón Menéndez Pidal
Robert Frost
Robert Graves
Seán O'Casey
Simon Vestdijk
Stijn Streuvels
Taha Hussein
Tarjei Vesaas
Thomas Head Raddall
William Faulkner
Winston Churchill

William Faulkner

(for his powerful and artistically unique contribution to the modern American novel)

Nominations 1949 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Albert Camus
Alberto Moravia
Alfonso Reyes
André Malraux
Angelos Sikelianos
Arnulf Øverland
Benedetto Croce
Boris Pasternak
Carl Sandburg
Charles Langbridge Morgan
Dorothy Canfield Fisher
Enrique González Martínez
Eugène Baie
François Mauriac
George Santayana
Georges Duhamel
Halldór Laxness
Hans Carossa
Henriette Charasson
Jacinto Grau
Johan Falkberget
John Steinbeck
Leonid Leonov
Marie Under
Mark Aldanov
Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov
Pär Lagerkvist
Ramón Menéndez Pidal
Reinaldo Temprano Azcona
Riccardo Bacchelli
Shmuel Yosef Agnon
Seán O'Casey
Taha Hussein
Thornton Wilder
William Faulkner
Winston Churchill

T. S. Eliot

(for his outstanding, pioneer contribution to present-day poetry)

Nominations 1948 »

Nominee Nominated Work
André Malraux
Angelos Sikelianos
Arnulf Øverland
Benedetto Croce
Boris Pasternak
Charles Langbridge Morgan
Dorothy Canfield Fisher
Eugène Baie
Franz Hellens
G. M. Trevelyan
George Santayana
Georges Duhamel
Georgios Drossinis
Halldór Laxness
Johan Falkberget
Jules Romains
Marie Under
Mark Aldanov
Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov
Nikolai Berdyaev
Ramón Menéndez Pidal
René Béhaine
Riccardo Bacchelli
Rudolf Kassner
Shmuel Yosef Agnon
Colette
T. S. Eliot
Teixeira de Pascoaes
Thomas Mann
Toyohiko Kagawa
Winston Churchill
Zalman Shneur

André Gide

(for his comprehensive and artistically significant writings, in which human problems and conditions have been presented with a fearless love of truth and keen psychological insight.)

Nominations 1947 »

Nominee Nominated Work
André Gide
André Malraux
Angelos Sikelianos
Arnulf Øverland
Benedetto Croce
Bernard O'Dowd
Boris Pasternak
Branislav Petronievic
Carl Sandburg
Charles Langbridge Morgan
Charles Ferdinand Ramuz
Ernest Hemingway
Eugène Baie
Georges Duhamel
Georgios Drossinis
Gregorios Xenopoulos
Henriette Charasson
Horace Kallen
Ignazio Silone
Johan Falkberget
Jules Romains
Maila Talvio
Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício
Marie Under
Mark Aldanov
Michail Aleksandrovich Sholokhov
Nikolai Berdyaev
Nikos Kazantzakis
Pär Lagerkvist
Ramón Pérez de Ayala
Shmuel Yosef Agnon
Sholem Asch
T. S. Eliot
Teixeira de Pascoaes
Toyohiko Kagawa

Hermann Hesse

(for his inspired writings which, while growing in boldness and penetration, exemplify the classical humanitarian ideals and high qualities of style)

Nominations 1946 »

Nominee Nominated Work
André Gide
Angelos Sikelianos
Arnulf Øverland
Arvid Mörne
Boris Pasternak
Charles Langbridge Morgan
Charles Ferdinand Ramuz
E. M. Forster
François Mauriac
Georges Duhamel
H. G. Wells
Herbert John Clifford Grierson
Hermann Hesse
Ignazio Silone
Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício
Marie Under
Nikolai Berdyaev
Ricarda Huch
Sholem Asch
T. S. Eliot
Tarjei Vesaas
Winston Churchill

Gabriela Mistral

(for her lyric poetry which, inspired by powerful emotions, has made her name a symbol of the idealistic aspirations of the entire Latin American world.)

Nominations 1945 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Arvid Mörne
Charles Ferdinand Ramuz
Edmund Blunden
E. M. Forster
Elisaveta Bagriana
Franz Werfel
Gabriela Mistral
Georges Duhamel
Yórgos Theotokás
Johan Falkberget
Johan Huizinga
John Steinbeck
Jules Romains
Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício
Marie Under
Nikolai Berdyaev
Paul Valéry
T. S. Eliot

Johannes Vilhelm Jensen

(for the rare strength and fertility of his poetic imagination with which is combined an intellectual curiosity of wide scope and a bold, freshly creative style)

Nominations 1944 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Abol-Gassem E´tessam Zadeh
Arnulf Øverland
Charles Langbridge Morgan
Charles Ferdinand Ramuz
Edmund Blunden
Elisaveta Bagriana
Enrique Larreta
Gabriela Mistral
Georges Duhamel
Henriette Charasson
Hermann Hesse
Johan Huizinga
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
John Steinbeck
Luís Nueda y Santiago
Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício
Nikolai Berdyaev
Paul Valéry
René Béhaine
Teixeira de Pascoaes
Vilhelm Peter Grønbech

Nominations 1943 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Carlos María Ocantos
Charles Langbridge Morgan
Edmund Blunden
Elisaveta Bagriana
Enrique Larreta
Franz Hellens
Franz Werfel
Gabriela Mistral
Georges Duhamel
Henriette Charasson
Johan Huizinga
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
John Steinbeck
Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício
Nikolai Berdyaev
Paul Valéry
René Béhaine
Sri Aurobindo
Teixeira de Pascoaes
Vilhelm Peter Grønbech

Nominations 1942 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Antonio Correia de Oliveira
Charles Langbridge Morgan
Edmund Blunden
Enrique Larreta
Gabriela Mistral
Georges Duhamel
Hans Carossa
Hermann Hesse
Johan Falkberget
Johan Huizinga
Johannes Jørgensen
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício
Nikolai Berdyaev
Sigfrid Siwertz
Teixeira de Pascoaes

Nominations 1941 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Branislav Petronievic
Edmund Blunden
Felix Timmermans
Gabriela Mistral
Henriette Charasson
Johan Falkberget
Johan Huizinga
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
Manoel C. Wanderley
Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício
Paul Claudel
René Béhaine
Ruth C. Young
Vilhelm Ekelund
Vilhelm Peter Grønbech

Nominations 1940 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Albert Bailly
Alfonso Strafile
Antonio Correia de Oliveira
Carl Sandburg
Edmund Blunden
Felix Timmermans
Gabriela Mistral
Georges Duhamel
Gösta Carlberg
Henriette Charasson
Johan Falkberget
Johan Huizinga
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
Kostis Palamas
Lin Yutang
Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício
Paul Valéry
Stijn Streuvels
Vilhelm Peter Grønbech

Frans Eemil Sillanpää

(for his deep understanding of his country's peasantry and the exquisite art with which he has portrayed their way of life and their relationship with Nature.)

Nominations 1939 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Aldous Huxley
Antonio Correia de Oliveira
Bansadhar Majumdar
Benedetto Croce
Egidio Poblete Escudero
Eugène Baie
Flavio de Carvalho
Frans Eemil Sillanpää
Hans Fallada
Henriette Charasson
Henriette Roland Holst
Henry Handel Richardson
Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel
Hermann Hesse
Hu Shih
Hugh Walpole
Jarl Hemmer
Johan Falkberget
Johan Huizinga
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
Josip Kosor
Maila Talvio
Maria D?browska
Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício
Mark Aldanov
Olav Duun
Paul Valéry
Ramón Menéndez Pidal
René Béhaine
Sally Salminen
Sanjib Chaudhuri
Stijn Streuvels
Vilhelm Peter Grønbech

Pearl S. Buck

(for her rich and truly epic descriptions of peasant life in China and for her biographical masterpieces)

Nominations 1938 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Aldous Huxley
Antonio Correia de Oliveira
Arthur van Schendel
Benedetto Croce
Frans Eemil Sillanpää
Henriette Charasson
Herman Teirlinck
Hermann Hesse
Ivana Brli?-Mažurani?
Jarl Hemmer
Johan Falkberget
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
Karel ?apek
Karl Schönherr
Kostis Palamas
Margaret Mitchell
Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício
Mark Aldanov
Mohammad H. Khan
Olav Duun
Pearl S. Buck
Ramón Menéndez Pidal
Robert R. Racey
Rudolf Kassner
Sally Salminen
Sanjib Chaudhuri
Stijn Streuvels
Valdemar Rördam
Veikko Antero Koskenniemi

Roger Martin du Gard

(for the artistic power and truth with which he has depicted human conflict as well as some fundamental aspects of contemporary life in his novel-cycle Les Thibault)

Nominations 1937 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Albert Verwey
Antonio Correia de Oliveira
Arnold Schering
Bensadhar Majumdar
Bertel Gripenberg
Cécile Tormay
Dmitry Merezhkovsky
Erwin Guido Kolbenheyer
Frans Eemil Sillanpää
Georges Duhamel
Ivana Brli?-Mažurani?
Jarl Hemmer
Jean Giono
Johan Falkberget
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
John Masefield
Jules Pajot
Karel ?apek
Kostis Palamas
Ludwig Klages
Maila Talvio
Maria Jotuni
Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício
Maurice Magre
Olav Duun
Paul Claudel
Paul Valéry
René Béhaine
Ricarda Huch
Roger Martin du Gard
Sally Salminen
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Shaul Tchernichovsky
Stijn Streuvels
Valdemar Rördam
Vilhelm Peter Grønbech
William B. Pickard

Eugene O'Neill

(for the power, honesty and deep-felt emotions of his dramatic works, which embody an original concept of tragedy.)

Nominations 1936 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Alfred Evershed
Antonio Correia de Oliveira
Arvid Mörne
Asis Domet
Benedetto Croce
Cécile Tormay
Dmitry Merezhkovsky
Edvarts Virza
Enrica von Handel-Mazzetti
Erwin Guido Kolbenheyer
Eugene O'Neill
Frans Eemil Sillanpää
Georges Duhamel
Hans Fallada
Hari Mohan Banerjee
Hermann Stehr
Jarl Hemmer
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
Karel ?apek
Kostis Palamas
Ludwig Klages
Miguel de Unamuno
Olav Duun
Paul Valéry
Roger Martin du Gard
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Sigmund Freud

Nominations 1935 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Antonio Correia de Oliveira
Dezs? Szabó
Dmitry Merezhkovsky
Edvarts Virza
Elise Richter
Émile Mâle
Erwin Guido Kolbenheyer
Eugene O'Neill
Frans Eemil Sillanpää
H. G. Wells
Hermann Stehr
Ivana Brli?-Mažurani?
James Frazer
James Cousins
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
John Masefield
Jules Romains
Karel ?apek
Kostis Palamas
Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício
Miguel de Unamuno
Olav Duun
Paul Valéry
Ricarda Huch
Roger Martin du Gard
Rudolf Kassner
Rufino Blanco-Fombona
Sven Lönborg
Tadeusz Stefan Zieli?ski
Víctor Manuel Rendón
Vilhelm Peter Grønbech
Violet Clifton
Shaul Tchernichovsky
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Guðmundur Kamban
Franz Karl Ginzkey
G. K. Chesterton
Jarl Hemmer

Luigi Pirandello

(for his bold and ingenious revival of dramatic and scenic art.)

Nominations 1934 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Antonio Correia de Oliveira
Bertel Gripenberg
Chajim N. Bialik
Dmitry Merezhkovsky
Edwin Arlington Robinson
Ernest Roguin
Erwin Guido Kolbenheyer
Eugene O'Neill
Ewald Sundberg
Francisco García Calderón Rey
Frans Eemil Sillanpää
Franz Karl Ginzkey
Hans Henrik Holm
Hermann Stehr
Jarl Hemmer
Jean Schlumberger
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
Joseph Bédier
Karel ?apek
Kostis Palamas
Luigi Pirandello
Manuel Gálvez
Maria Madalena de Martel Patrício
Olav Duun
Ole Hallesby
Ramón Menéndez Pidal
Ramón Pérez de Ayala
Roger Martin du Gard
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Tadeusz Stefan Zieli?ski
Upton Sinclair, Jr.
Ventura García Calderón

Ivan Bunin

(for the strict artistry with which he has carried on the classical Russian traditions in prose writing)

Nominations 1933 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Antonio Correia de Oliveira
Benedetto Croce
Bertel Gripenberg
Carlos María Ocantos
Chajim N. Bialik
Dmitry Merezhkovsky
Enrique C. Neto
Ernest Roguin
Frans Eemil Sillanpää
Guglielmo Ferrero
Hermann Stehr
Ivan Bunin
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
José Ortega y Gasset
Joseph Bédier
J.-H. Rosny aîné
Karel ?apek
Karl Schönherr
Kostis Palamas
Maxim Gorky
Manuel Gálvez
Max Beerbohm
Olav Duun
Paul Ernst
Paul Valéry
Rudolf Hans Bartsch
Rufino Blanco-Fombona
Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan
Upton Sinclair, Jr.

John Galsworthy

Honored for : The Forsyte Saga
(for his distinguished art of narration which takes its highest form in The Forsyte Saga.)

Nominations 1932 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Anton Wildgans
Bertel Gripenberg
Concha Espina de la Serna
Dmitry Merezhkovsky
Francesco Orestano
Frans Eemil Sillanpää
Georg Bonne
Grigol Robakidze
Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch
Ivan Bunin
Ivan S. Sjmeljov
Johan Bojer
Johannes Jørgensen
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
John Galsworthy
Karel ?apek
Kostis Palamas
Manuel Gálvez
Michael Blümelhuber
Olaf Bull
Olav Duun
Paul Ernst
Paul Valéry
Ramón Menéndez Pidal
Rudolf Kassner
Upton Sinclair, Jr.
Vilhelm Ekelund
H. G. Wells
Axel Munthe
Percival George Elgood

Erik Axel Karlfeldt

(The poetry of Erik Axel Karlfeldt)

Nominations 1931 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Anton Wildgans
Bertel Gripenberg
Concha Espina de la Serna
Dmitry Merezhkovsky
Édouard Estaunié
Erich Maria Remarque
Erik Axel Karlfeldt
Francis Jammes
Frans Eemil Sillanpää
Georg Bonne
Hermann Hesse
Ivan Bunin
Ivan S. Sjmeljov
Ivana Brli?-Mažurani?
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
John Galsworthy
Kostis Palamas
Laura Mestre
Martin Andersen Nexø
Nathanael Jünger
Olaf Bull
Olav Duun
Ole Edvart Rølvaag
Paul Ernst
Paul Valéry
Ramón Menéndez Pidal
Ramón Pérez de Ayala
Rudolf Kassner
Stefan George

Sinclair Lewis

(for his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to create, with wit and humour, new types of characters.)

Nominations 1930 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Alois Jirásek
Anton Wildgans
Arvid Järnefelt
Bertel Gripenberg
Clotilde de Arvelo
Concha Espina de la Serna
Dmitry Merezhkovsky
Edgar Lee Masters
Edith Wharton
Édouard Estaunié
Edwin Arlington Robinson
Ernst von der Recke
Frans Eemil Sillanpää
Georg Bonne
Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch
Ivan Bunin
Karl Kraus
Kostis Palamas
Lion Feuchtwanger
Manfred Kyber
Nathanael Jünger
Olav Duun
Paul Ernst
Paul Valéry
Rudolf Hans Bartsch
Rudolf Kassner
Rufino Blanco-Fombona
Sinclair Lewis
Theodore Dreiser
Yrjö Hirn

Thomas Mann

Honored for : Buddenbrooks
(principally for his great novel, Buddenbrooks, which has won steadily increased recognition as one of the classic works of contemporary literature)

Nominations 1929 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Arno Holz
Benedetto Croce
Bertel Gripenberg
Cale Young Rice
Concha Espina de la Serna
Édouard Estaunié
Edwin Arlington Robinson
Erik Axel Karlfeldt
Georg Bonne
Henrik Schück
Ivan Grozev
Johan Bojer
Knud Johan Victor Rasmussen
Kostis Palamas
Ludwig von Pastor
Otokar B?ezina
Paul Ernst
Rudolf Hans Bartsch
Rudolf Maria Holzapfel
Rufino Blanco-Fombona
Stefan George
Thomas Mann
Thornton Wilder
William Ralph Inge

Sigrid Undset

(principally for her powerful descriptions of Northern life during the Middle Ages.)

Nominations 1928 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Alf Larsen
Anna de Noailles
Armando Palacio Valdés
Arno Holz
Blanca de los Ríos de Lampérez
Concha Espina de la Serna
Edith Howes
Edith Wharton
Édouard Estaunié
Felix Timmermans
Frederik Willem van Eeden
Georg Bonne
Hans Adolf Eduard Driesch
Henri Bergson
Ivan Grozev
James Frazer
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
J.-H. Rosny aîné
Juan Zorrilla de San Martín
Karl Kraus
Kostis Palamas
Maxim Gorky
Olaf Bull
Olav Duun
Otokar B?ezina
Paul Bourget
Paul Ernst
Ricarda Huch
Rudolf Hans Bartsch
Rudolf Maria Holzapfel
Rufino Blanco-Fombona
Sigrid Undset
Theodor Däubler
Thomas Mann
Vilhelm Peter Grønbech
Willem Kloos

Henri Bergson

(in recognition of his rich and vitalizing ideas and the brillant skill with which they have been presented)

Nominations 1927 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Ada Negri
Arno Holz
Cesare Pascarella
Concha Espina de la Serna
Edith Wharton
Édouard Estaunié
Eduard Meyer
Edward Westermarck
Erwin Guido Kolbenheyer
Ferenc Herczeg
Grazia Deledda
Guglielmo Ferrero
Henri Bergson
Hugo von Hofmannsthal
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
Josip Kosor
Kostis Palamas
Olaf Bull
Olav Duun
Paul Ernst
Rudolf Maria Holzapfel
Samuel P. Scott
Thomas Hardy
Vilhelm Peter Grønbech

Grazia Deledda

(for her idealistically inspired writings which with plastic clarity picture the life on her native island and with depth and sympathy deal with human problems in general)

Nominations 1926 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Ada Negri
Arnold Bennett
Avetis Aharonyan
Concha Espina de la Serna
Edward Westermarck
Ferenc Herczeg
Georg Bonne
Georg Brandes
George Bernard Shaw
Grazia Deledda
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
Hans E. Kinck
Hugo von Hofmannsthal
James Frazer
Johannes Jørgensen
J.-H. Rosny aîné
Josip Kosor
Juan Zorrilla de San Martín
Karl Kraus
Kostis Palamas
Paul Claudel
Paul Ernst
Paul Raynal
Pyotr Krasnov
Rudolf Maria Holzapfel
Sigrid Undset
Sofia Casanova
Thomas Hardy
Vicente Huidobro
Willem Kloos

George Bernard Shaw

(for his work which is marked by both idealism and humanity, its stimulating satire often being infused with a singular poetic beauty)

Nominations 1925 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Ferenc Herczeg
Georg Brandes
George Bernard Shaw
Giovanni Schembari
Grazia Deledda
Guglielmo Ferrero
Johan Bojer
Johannes Vilhelm Jensen
Ludwig von Pastor
Matilde Serao
Olav Duun
Otokar B?ezina
Paul Elmer More
Paul Ernst
Paul Raynal
Paul Sabatier
Roberto Bracco
Rudolf Maria Holzapfel
Sigrid Undset
Thomas Hardy
Willem Kloos

W?adys?aw Stanis?aw Reymont

Honored for : The Peasants
(for his great national epic, The Peasants.)

Nominations 1924 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Arno Holz
Einar Hjörleifsson Kvaran
George Bernard Shaw
Grazia Deledda
Guglielmo Ferrero
Hermann Türck
Hugo von Hofmannsthal
Ludwig von Pastor
Matilde Serao
Max Neuburger
Olav Duun
Paul Ernst
Paul Sabatier
Roberto Bracco
Stefan ?eromski
Thomas Hardy
Thomas Mann
W?adys?aw Stanis?aw Reymont

William Butler Yeats

(for his always inspired poetry, which in a highly artistic form gives expression to the spirit of a whole nation)

Nominations 1923 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Àngel Guimerà
Arno Holz
Bertel Gripenberg
Dora Melegari
Einar Hjörleifsson Kvaran
Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche
Grazia Deledda
Guglielmo Ferrero
Hermann Türck
Ivan Bunin
Konstantin Balmont
Ludwig von Pastor
Maxim Gorky
Matilde Serao
Paul Ernst
Roberto Bracco
Stefan ?eromski
Thomas Hardy
William Butler Yeats
William Ralph Inge

Jacinto Benavente

(for the happy manner in which he has continued the illustrious traditions of the Spanish drama.)

Nominations 1922 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Àngel Guimerà
Arno Holz
Bertel Gripenberg
Darrell Figgis
Georg Brandes
Georg von Below
Grazia Deledda
Gunnar Gunnarsson
Israel Zangwill
Jacinto Benavente
John Galsworthy
Ludwig von Pastor
Matilde Serao
Michael Sadleir
Paul Ernst
Roberto Bracco
Sigrid Undset
Stefan ?eromski
Thomas Hardy
William Butler Yeats
William Ralph Inge
W?adys?aw Stanis?aw Reymont

Anatole France

(in recognition of his brilliant literary achievements, characterized as they are by a nobility of style, a profound human sympathy, grace, and a true Gallic temperament)

Nominations 1921 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Alois Jirásek
Anatole France
Àngel Guimerà
Arne Garborg
Arno Holz
Emile Boutroux
Ferdinand Avenarius
George Bernard Shaw
Grazia Deledda
Gunnar Gunnarsson
Henri Bergson
H. G. Wells
Jacinto Benavente
Jean Revel
John Galsworthy
Otokar B?ezina
Stefan ?eromski
William Butler Yeats

Knut Hamsun

Honored for : Growth of the Soil
(for his monumental work, Growth of the Soil)

Nominations 1920 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Knut Hamsun

Carl Spitteler

Honored for : Olympic Spring
(in special appreciation of his epic, Olympian Spring.)

Nominations 1919 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Alois Jirásek
Arno Holz
Carl Spitteler
Ebenezer Howard
Erik Axel Karlfeldt
Hans E. Kinck
Hugo von Hofmannsthal
John Galsworthy
Juhani Aho
Per Hallström
W?adys?aw Stanis?aw Reymont

Nominations 1918 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Adolf Frey
Alois Jirásek
Àngel Guimerà
Bertel Gripenberg
Carl Spitteler
Erik Axel Karlfeldt
Georg Brandes
Grazia Deledda
Gunnar Gunnarsson
Gustav Frenssen
Henri Bergson
Juhani Aho
Knut Hamsun
Maxim Gorky
Otokar B?ezina
Peter Rosegger
William Butler Yeats

Karl Adolph Gjellerup

(for his varied and rich poetry, which is inspired by lofty ideals)

Nominations 1917 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Adolf Frey
Àngel Guimerà
Arne Garborg
Bertel Gripenberg
Carl Spitteler
Edmond Picard
Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche
Erik Axel Karlfeldt
Georg Brandes
Grazia Deledda
Henrik Pontoppidan
Ivan Vazov
Jeppe Aakjær
Johan Bojer
Juhani Aho
Karl Adolph Gjellerup
Olaf Bull
Otokar B?ezina
Otto Ernst Schmidt
William Chapman

Henrik Pontoppidan

(for his authentic descriptions of present-day life in Denmark)

Nominations 1917 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Adolf Frey
Àngel Guimerà
Arne Garborg
Bertel Gripenberg
Carl Spitteler
Edmond Picard
Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche
Erik Axel Karlfeldt
Georg Brandes
Grazia Deledda
Henrik Pontoppidan
Ivan Vazov
Jeppe Aakjær
Johan Bojer
Juhani Aho
Karl Adolph Gjellerup
Olaf Bull
Otokar B?ezina
Otto Ernst Schmidt
William Chapman

Verner von Heidenstam

(in recognition of his significance as the leading representative of a new era in our literature.)

Nominations 1916 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Adolf Frey
Adolf von Harnack
Anatole France
Àngel Guimerà
Arne Garborg
Benito Pérez Galdós
Carl Spitteler
Edmond Picard
Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche
Erik Axel Karlfeldt
Ernst von der Recke
Georg Brandes
Gunnar Heiberg
Harald Høffding
Henrik Pontoppidan
Henrik Schück
Henry James
Ivan Franko
Jakob Knudsen
Juhani Aho
Karl Adolph Gjellerup
Otokar B?ezina
Per Hallström
Roby Datta
Romain Rolland
Pali Text Society
Troels Frederik Lund
Verner von Heidenstam

Romain Rolland

(as a tribute to the lofty idealism of his literary production and to the sympathy and love of truth with which he has described different types of human beings)

Nominations 1915 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Anatole France
Àngel Guimerà
Benito Pérez Galdós
Carl Spitteler
Charles Montagu Doughty
Dmitry Merezhkovsky
Emile Verhaeren
Ernst von der Recke
Ferdinand Avenarius
Grazia Deledda
Henri Bergson
Jan S. Machar
Juhani Aho
Karl Adolph Gjellerup
Paul Bourget
René Bazin
Romain Rolland
Salvador Rueda
Verner von Heidenstam
Vilhelm Peter Grønbech
Willem Kloos
William Butler Yeats

Nominations 1914 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Adolf Frey
Àngel Guimerà
Antonio Serra y Morant
Benito Pérez Galdós
Carl Spitteler
Dmitry Merezhkovsky
Dora Melegari
Edmond Picard
Émile Faguet
Ernst von der Recke
Grazia Deledda
Harald Høffding
Henri Bergson
Jan S. Machar
Jean Henri Fabre
Juhani Aho
Karl Adolph Gjellerup
Paul Bourget
René Bazin
Salvatore Farina
Thomas Hardy
Vilhelm Peter Grønbech
Willem Kloos
William Butler Yeats

Rabindranath Tagore

(because of his profoundly sensitive, fresh and beautiful verse, by which, with consummate skill, he has made his poetic thought, expressed in his own English words, a part of the literature of the West)

Nominations 1913 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Adolf Frey
Anatole France
Àngel Guimerà
Benito Pérez Galdós
Carl Spitteler
Edmond Picard
Edward Dowden
Émile Faguet
Ernest Lavisse
Ernst von der Recke
Francis C. Welles
Grazia Deledda
Harald Høffding
Henri Bergson
Henrik Pontoppidan
Jakob Knudsen
John Lubbock, 1st Baron Avebury
John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn
Juhani Aho
Karl Adolph Gjellerup
Peter Rosegger
Pierre Loti
Rabindranath Tagore
Salvador Rueda
Salvatore Farina
Sven Hedin
Thomas Hardy
Verner von Heidenstam

Gerhart Hauptmann

(primarily in recognition of his fruitful, varied and outstanding production in the realm of dramatic art.)

Nominations 1912 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Adolf Frey
Anatole France
Àngel Guimerà
Benito Pérez Galdós
Carl Spitteler
Emile Verhaeren
Ernest Lavisse
Ernst von der Recke
Francesco d´Ovidio
George Bernard Shaw
Georgios Souris
Gerhart Hauptmann
Hans E. Kinck
Harald Høffding
Henri Bergson
Henry James
James Frazer
Jaroslav Vrchlický
Jean Henri Fabre
Juhani Aho
Karl Adolph Gjellerup
Karl Schönherr
Pencho Slaveykov
Pierre Loti
Rafael Altamira y Crevea
Salvador Rueda
Salvatore Farina
Sven Hedin
Thomas Hardy
Verner von Heidenstam
William Chapman

Maurice Maeterlinck

(in appreciation of his many-sided literary activities, and especially of his dramatic works, which are distinguished by a wealth of imagination and by a poetic fancy, which reveals, sometimes in the guise of a fairy tale, a deep inspiration, while in a mysterious way they appeal to the readers' own feelings and stimulate their imaginations)

Nominations 1911 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Adrien Albert Marie de Mun
Anatole France
Àngel Guimerà
Antonio Fogazzaro
Ernst von der Recke
Francesco d´Ovidio
George Bernard Shaw
Georgios Souris
Gustaf Fröding
Harald Høffding
Henry James
Jaroslav Vrchlický
John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn
Juhani Aho
Karl Adolph Gjellerup
Karl Schönherr
Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach
Martin Greif
Maurice Maeterlinck
Molly Elliot Seawell
Peter Rosegger
Pierre Loti
Rafael Altamira y Crevea
Salvador Rueda
Thomas Hardy
Verner von Heidenstam

Paul Heyse

(as a tribute to the consummate artistry, permeated with idealism, which he has demonstrated during his long productive career as a lyric poet, dramatist, novelist and writer of world-renowned short stories)

Nominations 1910 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Alfred Jules Émile Fouillée
Anatole France
Andrew Lang
Àngel Guimerà
Antonio Fogazzaro
Édouard Rod
Ernest Lavisse
Francesco d´Ovidio
Georg Brandes
Gustav Warneck
John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn
Juhani Aho
Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo
Marie von Ebner-Eschenbach
Martin Greif
Maurice Maeterlinck
Molly Elliot Seawell
Paul Heyse
Pierre Loti
Robert Bridges
Salvador Rueda
Thomas Hardy
Wilhelm Benignus
William Chapman
William Dean Howells

Selma Lagerlöf

(in appreciation of the lofty idealism, vivid imagination and spiritual perception that characterize her writings.)

Nominations 1909 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol
Algernon Swinburne
Anatole France
Àngel Guimerà
Angelo de Gubernatis
Borden Parker Bowne
Charles Wagner
Emile Verhaeren
Ernest Lavisse
Melchior de Vogüé
Francesco d´Ovidio
Georgios Souris
Iwan Gilkin
Jaroslav Vrchlický
John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn
Martin Greif
Maurice Maeterlinck
Paul Bourget
Salvador Rueda
Selma Lagerlöf
Verner von Heidenstam

Rudolf Christoph Eucken

(in recognition of his earnest search for truth, his penetrating power of thought, his wide range of vision, and the warmth and strength in presentation with which in his numerous works he has vindicated and developed an idealistic philosophy of life)

Nominations 1908 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Adolf von Harnack
Alfred L. Hutchinson
Algernon Swinburne
Àngel Guimerà
Antonio Fogazzaro
Edmondo De Amicis
Elisabeth Förster-Nietzsche
George Lansing Raymond
Georgios Souris
Jaroslav Vrchlický
John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn
Joseph Viktor Widmann
Julio Calcaño
Rudolf Christoph Eucken
Selma Lagerlöf
Theodor Zahn

Rudyard Kipling

(in consideration of the power of observation, originality of imagination, virility of ideas and remarkable talent for narration which characterize the creations of this world-famous author.)

Nominations 1907 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Algernon Swinburne
Andrés Manjón
Àngel Guimerà
Angelo de Gubernatis
Antonio Fogazzaro
Borden Parker Bowne
Edouardo Benot
Georg Brandes
George Lansing Raymond
George Meredith
Georgios Souris
Holger Drachmann
Ian R. MacLeod
Jaroslav Vrchlický
João Bonança
John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn
Lewis Morris
Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo
Paul Bourget
Rudyard Kipling
Selma Lagerlöf

Giosuè Carducci

(not only in consideration of his deep learning and critical research, but above all as a tribute to the creative energy, freshness of style, and lyrical force which characterize his poetic masterpieces.)

Nominations 1906 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Albert Sorel
Algernon Swinburne
Angelo de Gubernatis
Antonio Fogazzaro
Borden Parker Bowne
Gaston Boissier
Georg Brandes
George Lansing Raymond
George Meredith
Gerhart Hauptmann
Giosuè Carducci
Houston Stewart Chamberlain
Jaroslav Vrchlický
John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn
Joseph Viktor Widmann
Leo Tolstoy
Louis Franck
Max Bewer
Max Haushofer
Pedro Pablo Figueroa
Selma Lagerlöf
Lewis Morris
William Booth
William J. Neidig

Henryk Sienkiewicz

(because of his outstanding merits as an epic writer)

Nominations 1905 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Albert Sorel
Algernon Swinburne
Dimitrios N. Bernardakis
Eliza Orzeszkowa
Georg Brandes
Giosuè Carducci
Godfrey Sweven
Henryk Sienkiewicz
Jaroslav Vrchlický
Leo Tolstoy
Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo
Rudyard Kipling
Selma Lagerlöf
Lewis Morris
John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn

José Echegaray

(in recognition of the numerous and brilliant compositions which, in an individual and original manner, have revived the great traditions of the Spanish drama)

Nominations 1904 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Albert Sorel
Algernon Swinburne
Anatole France
Dimitrios N. Bernardakis
Émilie Lerou
Frédéric Mistral
Georg Brandes
George Meredith
Henrik Ibsen
Henryk Sienkiewicz
Jaroslav Vrchlický
John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn
José Echegaray
Leo Tolstoy
Maurice Maeterlinck
Robert Langton Douglas
Rudyard Kipling
Selma Lagerlöf
Lewis Morris
Theodor Zahn
William Chapman

Frédéric Mistral

(in recognition of the fresh originality and true inspiration of his poetic production, which faithfully reflects the natural scenery and native spirit of his people, and, in addition, his significant work as a Provençal philologist)

Nominations 1904 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Albert Sorel
Algernon Swinburne
Anatole France
Dimitrios N. Bernardakis
Émilie Lerou
Frédéric Mistral
Georg Brandes
George Meredith
Henrik Ibsen
Henryk Sienkiewicz
Jaroslav Vrchlický
John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn
José Echegaray
Leo Tolstoy
Maurice Maeterlinck
Robert Langton Douglas
Rudyard Kipling
Selma Lagerlöf
Lewis Morris
Theodor Zahn
William Chapman

Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson

(as a tribute to his noble, magnificent and versatile poetry, which has always been distinguished by both the freshness of its inspiration and the rare purity of its spirit.)

Nominations 1903 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Albert Sorel
Alexander Baumgartner
Algernon Swinburne
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
Charles Wagner
François Coppée
Frédéric Mistral
Gaspar Núñez de Arce
Gaston Paris
Georg Brandes
George Meredith
Giosuè Carducci
Henrik Ibsen
Henryk Sienkiewicz
Iwan Gilkin
José Echegaray
Karl F. Glasenapp
Leo Tolstoy
Lewis Morris
Marcelino Menéndez y Pelayo
Maurice Maeterlinck
Paul Sabatier
Robert Langton Douglas
Rudyard Kipling

Theodor Mommsen

Honored for : A History of Rome
(the greatest living master of the art of historical writing, with special reference to his monumental work, A history of Rome)

Nominations 1902 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Alexander Baumgartner
Anatoly F. Koni
Antonio Fogazzaro
Archibald Robertson
Arne Garborg
Bernard Bosanquet
Bjørnstjerne Bjørnson
Charles Wagner
Émile Zola
Franz Kemény
Frédéric Mistral
Gaspar Núñez de Arce
Gaston Paris
George Meredith
Gerhart Hauptmann
Giosuè Carducci
Gustav Falke
Hartmann Grisar
Henrik Ibsen
Henryk Sienkiewicz
Herbert Spencer
Houston Stewart Chamberlain
John Morley, 1st Viscount Morley of Blackburn
José Echegaray
Juhani Aho
Karl Weitbrecht
Leo Tolstoy
Marcel Barrière
Paul Sabatier
Lewis Morris
Theodor Mommsen A History of Rome
Theodor Zahn
Ventura F. López
William Butler Yeats

Sully Prudhomme

(in special recognition of his poetic composition, which gives evidence of lofty idealism, artistic perfection and a rare combination of the qualities of both heart and intellect)

Nominations 1901 »

Nominee Nominated Work
Alexander Baumgartner
Alexandru Dimitrie Xenopol
Antonio Fogazzaro
Louis Auguste Sabatier
Carl G. Estlander
Charles Borgeaud
Charles Bernard Renouvier
Edmond Rostand
Émile Zola
Franz Kemény
Frédéric Mistral
Gaspar Núñez de Arce
Henryk Sienkiewicz
João da Comara
Julius Gersdorff
Louis Ducros
Malwida von Meysenbug
Oscar le Pin
Ossip Lourié
Paul Duproix
Paul Sabatier
Sully Prudhomme
René Vallery-Radot
Gaston Paris
Giacomo Stampa