| Year |
|
Winner |
Winner Work |
| 2014 |
|
John O'Keefe |
for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain |
|
May-Britt Moser |
for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain |
|
Edvard Moser |
for their discoveries of cells that constitute a positioning system in the brain |
| 2013 |
|
James Rothman |
for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells |
|
Randy Schekman |
for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells |
|
Thomas C. Südhof |
for their discoveries of machinery regulating vesicle traffic, a major transport system in our cells |
| 2012 |
|
John Gurdon |
for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent |
|
Shinya Yamanaka |
for the discovery that mature cells can be reprogrammed to become pluripotent |
| 2011 |
|
Jules A. Hoffmann |
for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity |
|
Bruce Beutler |
for their discoveries concerning the activation of innate immunity |
| 2011 |
|
Ralph M. Steinman |
for his discovery of the dendritic cell and its role in adaptive immunity |
| 2010 |
|
Robert G. Edwards |
for the development of in vitro fertilization |
| 2009 |
|
Elizabeth Blackburn |
for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase |
|
Carol W. Greider |
for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase |
|
Jack W. Szostak |
for the discovery of how chromosomes are protected by telomeres and the enzyme telomerase |
| 2008 |
|
Harald zur Hausen |
for his discovery of human papilloma viruses causing cervical cancer |
| 2008 |
|
Luc Montagnier |
for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus |
|
Françoise Barré-Sinoussi |
for their discovery of human immunodeficiency virus |
| 2007 |
|
Oliver Smithies |
for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells |
|
Martin Evans |
for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells |
|
Mario Capecchi |
for their discoveries of principles for introducing specific gene modifications in mice by the use of embryonic stem cells |
| 2006 |
|
Andrew Fire |
for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA |
|
Craig Mello |
for their discovery of RNA interference - gene silencing by double-stranded RNA |
| 2005 |
|
Barry Marshall |
for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease |
|
Robin Warren |
for their discovery of the bacterium Helicobacter pylori and its role in gastritis and peptic ulcer disease |
| 2004 |
|
Richard Axel |
for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system |
|
Linda B. Buck |
for their discoveries of odorant receptors and the organization of the olfactory system |
| 2003 |
|
Paul Lauterbur |
for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging |
|
Peter Mansfield |
for their discoveries concerning magnetic resonance imaging |
| 2002 |
|
Sydney Brenner |
for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death |
|
H. Robert Horvitz |
for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death |
|
John Sulston |
for their discoveries concerning genetic regulation of organ development and programmed cell death |
| 2001 |
|
Leland H. Hartwell |
for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle |
|
Paul Nurse |
for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle |
|
Tim Hunt |
for their discoveries of key regulators of the cell cycle |
| 2000 |
|
Arvid Carlsson |
for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system |
|
Paul Greengard |
for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system |
|
Eric Kandel |
for their discoveries concerning signal transduction in the nervous system |
| 1999 |
|
Günter Blobel |
for the discovery that proteins have intrinsic signals that govern their transport and localization in the cell |
| 1998 |
|
Robert F. Furchgott |
for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system |
|
Ferid Murad |
for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system |
|
Louis Ignarro |
for their discoveries concerning nitric oxide as a signalling molecule in the cardiovascular system |
| 1997 |
|
Stanley B. Prusiner |
for his discovery of Prions - a new biological principle of infection |
| 1996 |
|
Peter C. Doherty |
for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence |
|
Rolf M. Zinkernagel |
for their discoveries concerning the specificity of the cell mediated immune defence |
| 1995 |
|
Eric F. Wieschaus |
for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development |
|
Edward B. Lewis |
for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development |
|
Christiane Nüsslein-Volhard |
for their discoveries concerning the genetic control of early embryonic development |
| 1994 |
|
Alfred G. Gilman |
for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells |
|
Martin Rodbell |
for their discovery of G-proteins and the role of these proteins in signal transduction in cells |
| 1993 |
|
Phillip Allen Sharp |
for their discoveries of split genes |
|
Richard J. Roberts |
for their discoveries of split genes |
| 1992 |
|
Edmond H. Fischer |
for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism |
|
Edwin G. Krebs |
for their discoveries concerning reversible protein phosphorylation as a biological regulatory mechanism |
| 1991 |
|
Erwin Neher |
for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells |
|
Bert Sakmann |
for their discoveries concerning the function of single ion channels in cells |
| 1990 |
|
Joseph Murray |
for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease |
|
E. Donnall Thomas |
for their discoveries concerning organ and cell transplantation in the treatment of human disease |
| 1989 |
|
J. Michael Bishop |
for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes |
|
Harold E. Varmus |
for their discovery of the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes |
| 1988 |
|
James Black |
for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment |
|
George H. Hitchings |
for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment |
|
Gertrude B. Elion |
for their discoveries of important principles for drug treatment |
| 1987 |
|
Susumu Tonegawa |
for his discovery of the genetic principle for generation of antibody diversity |
| 1986 |
|
Rita Levi-Montalcini |
for their discoveries of growth factors |
|
Stanley Cohen |
for their discoveries of growth factors |
|
Michael Stuart Brown |
for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism |
| 1985 |
|
Joseph L. Goldstein |
for their discoveries concerning the regulation of cholesterol metabolism |
| 1984 |
|
Niels Kaj Jerne |
for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies. |
|
Georges J. F. Köhler |
for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies. |
|
César Milstein |
for theories concerning the specificity in development and control of the immune system and the discovery of the principle for production of monoclonal antibodies. |
| 1983 |
|
Barbara McClintock |
for her discovery of mobile genetic elements. |
| 1982 |
|
Sune Bergström |
for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances. |
|
Bengt I. Samuelsson |
for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances. |
|
John Vane |
for their discoveries concerning prostaglandins and related biologically active substances. |
| 1981 |
|
David H. Hubel |
for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system. |
|
Torsten Wiesel |
for their discoveries concerning information processing in the visual system. |
| 1981 |
|
Roger Wolcott Sperry |
for his discoveries concerning the functional specialization of the cerebral hemispheres. |
| 1980 |
|
Baruj Benacerraf |
for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions. |
|
George Davis Snell |
for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions. |
|
Jean Dausset |
for their discoveries concerning genetically determined structures on the cell surface that regulate immunological reactions. |
| 1979 |
|
Godfrey Hounsfield |
for the development of computer assisted tomography. |
|
Allan McLeod Cormack |
for the development of computer assisted tomography. |
| 1978 |
|
Werner Arber |
for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics |
|
Daniel Nathans |
for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics |
|
Hamilton O. Smith |
for the discovery of restriction enzymes and their application to problems of molecular genetics |
| 1977 |
|
Roger Guillemin |
for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain |
|
Andrew Schally |
for their discoveries concerning the peptide hormone production of the brain |
| 1977 |
|
Rosalyn Sussman Yalow |
for the development of radioimmunoassays of peptide hormones |
| 1976 |
|
Baruch Samuel Blumberg |
for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases |
|
Daniel Carleton Gajdusek |
for their discoveries concerning new mechanisms for the origin and dissemination of infectious diseases |
| 1975 |
|
Howard Martin Temin |
for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell |
|
Renato Dulbecco |
for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell |
|
David Baltimore |
for their discoveries concerning the interaction between tumour viruses and the genetic material of the cell |
| 1974 |
|
Albert Claude |
for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell |
|
George Emil Palade |
for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell |
|
Christian de Duve |
for their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell |
| 1973 |
|
Nikolaas Tinbergen |
for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns |
|
Konrad Lorenz |
for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns |
|
Karl von Frisch |
for their discoveries concerning organization and elicitation of individual and social behaviour patterns |
| 1972 |
|
Gerald Edelman |
for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies |
|
Rodney Robert Porter |
for their discoveries concerning the chemical structure of antibodies |
| 1971 |
|
Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr. |
for his discoveries concerning the mechanisms of the action of hormones |
| 1970 |
|
Ulf von Euler |
for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation |
|
Bernard Katz |
for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation |
|
Julius Axelrod |
for their discoveries concerning the humoral transmittors in the nerve terminals and the mechanism for their storage, release and inactivation |
| 1969 |
|
Max Delbrück |
for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses |
|
Salvador Luria |
for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses |
|
Alfred Hershey |
for their discoveries concerning the replication mechanism and the genetic structure of viruses |
| 1968 |
|
Robert W. Holley |
for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis |
|
Har Gobind Khorana |
for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis |
|
Marshall Warren Nirenberg |
for their interpretation of the genetic code and its function in protein synthesis |
| 1967 |
|
Ragnar Granit |
for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye |
|
George Wald |
for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye |
|
Haldan Keffer Hartline |
for their discoveries concerning the primary physiological and chemical visual processes in the eye |
| 1966 |
|
Francis Peyton Rous |
for his discovery of tumour-inducing viruses |
| 1966 |
|
Charles Brenton Huggins |
for his discoveries concerning hormonal treatment of prostatic cancer |
| 1965 |
|
Jacques Monod |
for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis |
|
André Michel Lwoff |
for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis |
|
François Jacob |
for their discoveries concerning genetic control of enzyme and virus synthesis |
| 1964 |
|
Konrad Emil Bloch |
for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism |
|
Feodor Felix Konrad Lynen |
for their discoveries concerning the mechanism and regulation of the cholesterol and fatty acid metabolism |
| 1963 |
|
Alan Lloyd Hodgkin |
for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane |
|
John Carew Eccles |
for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane |
|
Andrew Huxley |
for their discoveries concerning the ionic mechanisms involved in excitation and inhibition in the peripheral and central portions of the nerve cell membrane |
| 1962 |
|
Francis Crick |
for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material |
|
James D. Watson |
for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material |
|
Maurice Wilkins |
for their discoveries concerning the molecular structure of nucleic acids and its significance for information transfer in living material |
| 1961 |
|
Georg von Békésy |
for his discoveries of the physical mechanism of stimulation within the cochlea |
| 1960 |
|
Peter Medawar |
for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance |
|
Frank Macfarlane Burnet |
for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance |
| 1959 |
|
Severo Ochoa |
for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid |
|
Arthur Kornberg |
for their discovery of the mechanisms in the biological synthesis of ribonucleic acid and deoxyribonucleic acid |
| 1958 |
|
Joshua Lederberg |
for his discoveries concerning genetic recombination and the organization of the genetic material of bacteria |
| 1958 |
|
Edward Lawrie Tatum |
for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events |
|
George Wells Beadle |
for their discovery that genes act by regulating definite chemical events |
| 1957 |
|
Daniel Bovet |
for his discoveries relating to synthetic compounds that inhibit the action of certain body substances, and especially their action on the vascular system and the skeletal muscles |
| 1956 |
|
Dickinson W. Richards |
for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system |
|
André Frédéric Cournand |
for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system |
|
Werner Forssmann |
for their discoveries concerning heart catheterization and pathological changes in the circulatory system |
| 1955 |
|
Hugo Theorell |
for his discoveries concerning the nature and mode of action of oxidation enzymes |
| 1954 |
|
John Franklin Enders |
for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue |
|
Thomas Huckle Weller |
for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue |
|
Frederick Chapman Robbins |
for their discovery of the ability of poliomyelitis viruses to grow in cultures of various types of tissue |
| 1953 |
|
Fritz Albert Lipmann |
for his discovery of co-enzyme A and its importance for intermediary metabolism. |
| 1953 |
|
Hans Adolf Krebs |
for his discovery of the citric acid cycle. |
| 1952 |
|
Selman Waksman |
for his discovery of streptomycin, the first antibiotic effective against tuberculosis. |
| 1951 |
|
Max Theiler |
for his discoveries concerning yellow fever and how to combat it. |
| 1950 |
|
Edward Calvin Kendall |
for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects. |
|
Philip Showalter Hench |
for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects. |
|
Tadeus Reichstein |
for their discoveries relating to the hormones of the adrenal cortex, their structure and biological effects. |
| 1949 |
|
Walter Rudolf Hess |
for his discovery of the functional organization of the interbrain as a coordinator of the activities of the internal organs |
| 1949 |
|
António Egas Moniz |
for his discovery of the therapeutic value of leucotomy in certain psychoses |
| 1948 |
|
Paul Hermann Müller |
for his discovery of the high efficiency of DDT as a contact poison against several arthropods |
| 1947 |
|
Carl Ferdinand Cori |
for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen. |
|
Gerty Cori |
for their discovery of the course of the catalytic conversion of glycogen. |
| 1947 |
|
Bernardo Houssay |
for his discovery of the part played by the hormone of the anterior pituitary lobe in the metabolism of sugar. |
| 1946 |
|
Hermann Joseph Muller |
for the discovery of the production of mutations by means of X-ray irradiation |
| 1945 |
|
Alexander Fleming |
for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases. |
|
Howard Florey |
for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases. |
|
Ernst Boris Chain |
for the discovery of penicillin and its curative effect in various infectious diseases. |
| 1944 |
|
Joseph Erlanger |
for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres |
|
Herbert Spencer Gasser |
for their discoveries relating to the highly differentiated functions of single nerve fibres |
| 1943 |
|
Henrik Dam |
for his discovery of vitamin K. |
| 1943 |
|
Edward Adelbert Doisy |
for his discovery of the chemical nature of vitamin K. |
| 1942 |
|
|
|
| 1941 |
|
|
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| 1940 |
|
|
|
| 1939 |
|
Gerhard Domagk |
for the discovery of the antibacterial effects of prontosil. |
| 1938 |
|
Corneille Heymans |
for the discovery of the role played by the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration |
| 1937 |
|
Albert Szent-Györgyi |
for his discoveries in connection with the biological combustion processes, with special reference to vitamin C and the catalysis of fumaric acid |
| 1936 |
|
Henry Hallett Dale |
for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses. |
|
Otto Loewi |
for their discoveries relating to chemical transmission of nerve impulses. |
| 1935 |
|
Hans Spemann |
for his discovery of the organizer effect in embryonic development |
| 1934 |
|
William P. Murphy |
for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia. |
|
George Whipple |
for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia. |
|
George Minot |
for their discoveries concerning liver therapy in cases of anaemia. |
| 1933 |
|
Thomas Hunt Morgan |
for his discoveries concerning the role played by the chromosome in heredity |
| 1932 |
|
Charles Scott Sherrington |
for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons. |
|
Edgar Adrian, 1st Baron Adrian |
for their discoveries regarding the functions of neurons. |
| 1931 |
|
Otto Heinrich Warburg |
for his discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme |
| 1930 |
|
Karl Landsteiner |
for his discovery of human blood groups. |
| 1929 |
|
Christiaan Eijkman |
for his discovery of the antineuritic vitamin |
| 1929 |
|
Frederick Gowland Hopkins |
for his discovery of the growth-stimulating vitamins |
| 1928 |
|
Charles Nicolle |
for his work on typhus. |
| 1927 |
|
Julius Wagner-Jauregg |
for his discovery of the therapeutic value of malaria inoculation in the treatment of dementia paralytica |
| 1926 |
|
Johannes Fibiger |
for his discovery of the Spiroptera carcinoma |
| 1925 |
|
|
|
| 1924 |
|
Willem Einthoven |
"for his discovery of the mechanism of the electrocardiogram." |
| 1923 |
|
Frederick Banting |
for the discovery of insulin |
|
John James Richard Macleod |
for the discovery of insulin |
| 1922 |
|
Archibald Hill |
for his discovery relating to the production of heat in the muscle. |
| 1922 |
|
Otto Fritz Meyerhof |
for his discovery of the fixed relationship between the consumption of oxygen and the metabolism of lactic acid in the muscle. |
| 1921 |
|
|
|
| 1920 |
|
August Krogh |
for his discovery of the capillary motor regulating mechanism |
| 1919 |
|
Jules Bordet |
for his discoveries relating to immunity. |
| 1918 |
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| 1917 |
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| 1916 |
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| 1915 |
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| 1914 |
|
Róbert Bárány |
for his work on the physiology and pathology of the vestibular apparatus. |
| 1913 |
|
Charles Richet |
in recognition of his work on anaphylaxis |
| 1912 |
|
Alexis Carrel |
in recognition of his work on vascular suture and the transplantation of blood vessels and organs. |
| 1911 |
|
Allvar Gullstrand |
for his work on the dioptrics of the eye |
| 1910 |
|
Albrecht Kossel |
in recognition of the contributions to our knowledge of cell chemistry made through his work on proteins, including the nucleic substances |
| 1909 |
|
Emil Theodor Kocher |
for his work on the physiology, pathology and surgery of the thyroid gland. |
| 1908 |
|
Ilya Ilyich Mechnikov |
in recognition of their work on immunity |
|
Paul Ehrlich |
in recognition of their work on immunity |
| 1907 |
|
Charles Louis Alphonse Laveran |
in recognition of his work on the role played by protozoa in causing diseases. |
| 1906 |
|
Camillo Golgi |
in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system. |
|
Santiago Ramón y Cajal |
in recognition of their work on the structure of the nervous system. |
| 1905 |
|
Robert Koch |
for his investigations and discoveries in relation to tuberculosis |
| 1904 |
|
Ivan Pavlov |
in recognition of his work on the physiology of digestion, through which knowledge on vital aspects of the subject has been transformed and enlarged |
| 1903 |
|
Niels Ryberg Finsen |
in recognition of his contribution to the treatment of diseases, especially lupus vulgaris, with concentrated light radiation, whereby he has opened a new avenue for medical science. |
| 1902 |
|
Ronald Ross |
for his work on malaria, by which he has shown how it enters the organism and thereby has laid the foundation for successful research on this disease and methods of combating it |
| 1901 |
|
Emil Adolf von Behring |
for his work on serum therapy, especially its application against diphtheria, by which he has opened a new road in the domain of medical science and thereby placed in the hands of the physician a victorious weapon against illness and deaths |
