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KhÄn Abdul GhaffÄr KhÄn, also known as Fakhr-e AfghÄn, and BÄchÄ KhÄn, PÄchÄ KhÄn or BÄdshÄh KhÄn, was an independence activist of Pashtun descent. He was a political and spiritual leader known for his nonviolent opposition to the British Raj in British India, and a lifelong pacifist and devout Muslim. A close friend of Mahatma Gandhi, Bacha Khan has been called the "Frontier Gandhi" by the Indians. In 1910, Bacha Khan opened a mosque school at his hometown Utmanzai, and in 1911 joined the freedom movement of Haji Sahib of Turangzai. However in 1915, the British authorities banned his mosque school. Having witnessed the repeated failure of revolts against the British Raj, Bacha Khan decided that social activism and reform would be more beneficial for the Pashtuns. This led to the formation of Anjuman-e IslÄh al-AfghÄn in 1921, and the youth movement PaxÌŒtÅ«n Jirga in 1927. After Bacha Khan's return from the Hajj in May 1928, he founded the Pashto language monthly political journal PaxÌŒtÅ«n. Finally, in November 1929, Bacha Khan founded the Khudai Khidmatgar movement, whose success triggered a harsh crackdown by the British Empire against him and his supporters and they suffered some of the most severe repression of the Indian independence movement. In 1962, Bacha Khan was named the Amnesty International Prisoner of Conscience of the Year. In 1987, he became the first non-Indian to be awarded Bharat Ratna, India's highest civilian award. Bacha Khan was an important freedom fighter, and is a Pashtun national hero and a key figure of Pashtun nationalism.
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