| The Gairdner Foundation International Award is given annually at a special dinner to three to six people for outstanding discoveries or contributions to medical science. Receipt of the Gairdner is traditionally considered a precursor to winning the Nobel Prize in Medicine; as of 2012, 72 Nobel Prizes have been awarded to prior Gairdner recipients. Gairdner Foundation Awards are given annually in the amount of $100,000 payable in Canadian funds. They are awarded to residents of any country in the world, whatsoever. A joint award may be given for the same discovery or contribution to medical science, but in that case each awardee receives a full prize. Past winners are: 1959 Alfred Blalock, Helen B. Taussig, Charles A. Ragan, Harry M. Rose, William D.M. Paton, Eleanor Zaimis, Wilfred G. Bigelow 1960 Joshua H. Burn, John H. Gibbon Jr., William F. Hamilton, John McMichael, Karl Meyer, Arnold R. Rich 1961 Russell Brock, Alan C. Burton, Alexander B. Gutman, Jonas H. Kellgren, Ulf S. von Euler 1962 Francis H.C. Crick, Albert H. Coons, Clarence Crafoord, Henry G. Kunkel, Stanley J. Sarnoff 1963 Murray L. Barr, Jacques Genest, Irvine H. Page, Pierre Grabar, C. Walton Lillehei, Eric G.L. Bywaters |
Check all the winners of Gairdner Foundation International Award presented under Canada Gairdner Awards since 1959 .
Harvey J. Alter, Daniel W. Bradley(For critical contributions to the discovery and isolation of the hepatitis C virus, which has led to the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic agents.) |
Greg Winter(For the engineering of humanized monoclonal antibodies and their widespread use in medical therapy, particularly for treatment of cancer and immune disorders.) |
Stephen Elledge(For elucidation of the DNA damage response as a signaling network that controls DNA repair and genomic stability with profound implications for cancer and other diseases.) |
Lorne Babiuk(For his extraordinary national and international leadership in vaccine development and research on human and veterinary infectious disease control.) |
Brian M. Greenwood(For contributions to significantly reducing mortality in children due to meningitis and acute respiratory infection, and for contributions to malaria prevention.) |
Thomas Jessell(For research in defining the genetic and molecular pathways leading to the complex development of the spinal cord, with implications for therapeutic applications.) |
Jeffrey V. Ravetch(For his seminal work on identifying the Fc receptors of antibodies, which play a key role in the immune response, and for establishing their critical role in autoimmune diseases and cancer.) |
Michael Rosbash, Jeffrey C Hall, Michael W. Young(For his pioneering discoveries concerning the biological clock responsible for circadian rhythms.) |
Adrian Bird, Howard Cedar, Aharon Razin(For their pioneering discoveries on DNA methylation and its role in gene expression.) |
Jules A. Hoffmann(For his ground-breaking discovery of the family of Toll like receptors and the array of microbial compounds that they recognize to provide innate resistance to infection.) |
Shizuo Akira(For his ground-breaking discovery of Toll like receptors and the array of microbial compounds that they recognize to provide innate resistance to infection.) |
Robert Edward Black(For his significant contributions to improving child survival, particularly his critical clinical and epidemiological studies to reduce childhood diarrheal deaths.) |
Michael R. Hayden(For his outstanding national and international leadership in medical genetics, entrepreneurship and humanitarianism.) |
William G. Kaelin, Gregg L. Semenza, Peter J. Ratcliffe(For their identification of molecular mechanisms of oxygen sensing in the cell.) |
Nicholas White(For his definitive clinical studies on the effectiveness of artemesinins in the treatment of malaria and elucidating the basis for the use of ACT to prevent resistance.) |
Calvin Stiller(For his pioneering work in transplantation and diabetes, and as a remarkable entrepreneur and builder of private and public institutions that have greatly enriched the research landscape of Canada.) |
Pierre Chambon(For the elucidation of fundamental mechanisms of transcription in animal cells and to the discovery of the nuclear receptor superfamily.) |
William A. Catterall(For discovery of the voltage-gated sodium channel and calcium channel proteins and the elucidation of their function and regulation.) |
David Sackett(For his leadership in the fields of clinical epidemiology and evidence-based medicine, which has transformed both clinical research and the practice of medicine.) |
Nubia Munoz(For her epidemiological studies that defined the essential role of the human papilloma virus in the etiology of cervical cancer on a global level which led to the development of successful prophylactic vaccines.) |
Shinya Yamanaka(For his demonstration that the key transcription factors which specify pluripotency may become reprogrammed somatic cells to pluripotent stem cells.) |
Richard Losick, Lucille Shapiro(For the discovery of mechanisms that define cell polarity and asymmetric cell division, processes key in cell differentiation and in the generation of cell diversity.) |
Kazutoshi Mori, Peter Walter(For the dissection and elucidation of a key pathway in the unfolded protein response which regulates protein folding in the cell.) |
Victor Ambros, Gary Ruvkun(For the discovery and characterization of micro RNA's, important in the regulation of gene function.) |
Nahum Sonenberg(For his pioneering discoveries in cellular translation of genetic information.) |
Samuel Weiss(For his seminal discovery of adult neural stem cells in the mammalian brain and its importance in nerve cell regeneration.) |
Harald zur Hausen(For the discovery of the causative role of papilloma viruses in cancer of the cervix which led to the development of a successful HPV vaccine.) |
Dennis Slamon(For the development of targeted therapy Herceptin against advanced breast cancer expressing the Her-2/Neu oncogene resulting in more effective therapy for breast cancer.) |
Thomas A. Steitz, Harry F. Noller(For their studies on the structure and function of the ribosome which showed that the peptidyl transferase was an RNA catalyzed reaction, and for revealing the mechanism of inhibition of this function by antibiotics.) |
Kim Nasmyth(For his discovery of the mechanism of chromosome segregation during cell division, which has profound implications for our understanding of chromosome non-disjunction in human cancer and other genetic diseases.) |
Charles David Allis(For his transforming studies demonstrating the link between chromatin structure and gene transcription and elucidating the mechanisms by which a variety of post-translational modifications of histones are involved in gene expression and genome maintenance and stability.) |
Ralph L. Brinster(For his pioneering discoveries in germ line modifications in mammals.) |
Joan A. Steitz(For her discovery of the reactivity of autoimmune sera with ribonucleoprotein particles and elucidation of the roles of small nuclear RNAs in messenger RNA processing.) |
Thomas D. Pollard, Alan Hall(For their discoveries related to understanding the cytoskeleton of the cell and the basis of cell mobility and its relevance to human disease.) |
Ronald M. Evans(For his seminal studies defining new classes of nuclear hormone receptors and elucidating their role in energy metabolism and endocrine-related disease.) |
Craig Mello, Andrew Fire(For the discovery of RNA interference which initiated a revolution in the study and use of RNA in gene silencing.) |
Jeffrey M. Friedman, Douglas L. Coleman(For contributions to our understanding of obesity and particularly for the discovery of the adipose tissue hormone, leptin.) |
Endel Tulving, Brenda Milner(For pioneering research in the understanding of human memory, and providing the necessary framework within which findings in neuroanatomy, neuroplysiology, and neuropharmacology can be integrated.) |
George Sachs(For his elucidation of mechanisms of gastric acid secretion and the development of novel therapies for gastric disease.) |
Arthur L. Horwich, Franz-Ulrich Hartl, R. John Ellis(For their fundamental discoveries concerning chaperone assisted protein folding in the cell and its relevance to neurodegeneration.) |
Seymour Benzer(For pioneering discoveries that both founded and greatly advanced an entire field of neurogenetics, thereby transforming our understanding of the brain and its mechanisms.) |
Ralph M. Steinman(For his discovery and characterization of the role of the dendritic cell, a pivotal phagocytic cell in the immune system and essential to the development of vaccines.) |
Seiji Ogawa(For his development of blood oxygenation dependent imaging which has revolutionized the field of functional magnetic resource imaging (fMRI), and used extensively to study brain function.) |
Wayne Hendrickson(For contributions to macromolecular crystallography, in the development of robust methods of phasing and refinement, and in the determination of complex and biologically important structures.) |
Linda B. Buck(For their discovery of the olfactory receptors and the clarification of how these receptors transfer olfactory signals to the brain.) |
Richard Axel(For their discovery of olfactory receptors and the clarification of how these receptors transfer olfactory signals to the brain.) |
Jean Weissenbach(For his unique contributions in creating a detailed genetic map of the human genome.) |
Michael Waterman(For his contributions to computational molecular biology that greatly facilitated sequencing of the human genome.) |
Craig Venter(For his major advancement of whole genome sequencing and its applications to microbial, human and other genomes.) |
Maynard Olson(For his original concepts, and for technological and experimental innovations that were critical for the sequencing of the mammalian genomes.) |
Bob Waterston, John Sulston, Eric Lander(For their major seminal contributions to the sequencing of the human and other genomes.) |
Philip Palmer Green(For his contributions to development of the computational tools essential for sequencing of the human genome.) |
James D. Watson(For his 50 years of unparalelled contributions to biology and medical science, and in particular for his critical international leadership during the creation of the Human Genome Project.) |
Francis Collins(For his outstanding leadership in the Human Genome Project and particularly for the international effort to map and sequence the human and other genomes.) |
Henry Friesen(For his leadership to Canadian medical research and especially for leading to the establishment of the Canadian Institutes of Health Research.) |
Marc Kirschner(For his pioneering work in the understanding of the structure, function and dynamics of microtubules.) |
Roderick MacKinnon, Bertil Hille, Clay Armstrong(For the elucidation of the mechanism of action and molecular structure of cation channels.) |
Jack Hirsh(In recognition of his pioneering contributions to our understanding of the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of thromboembolic disorders.) |
Emil R. Unanue, Alain R. M. Townsend(For their discovery of the molecular and cellular basis of antigen processing leading to our understanding of the physiological role of histocompatibility molecules and T lymphocyte antigen recognition.) |
Roger D. Kornberg, Robert G. Roeder(For their studies on the transcription machinery and elucidation of the basic mechanisms of transcription in eukaryotic cells.) |
Peter T. Macklem(For leadership to Canadian academic medicine and for outstanding contributions to clinical care and research in respiratory diseases.) |
Charles Hollenberg(For outstanding contributions to Canadian medicine and as a leader of the Canadian academic medical community.) |
Andrew Wyllie, H. Robert Horvitz(In recognition of their pioneering contribution to our understanding of apoptosis.) |
Alexander Varshavsky, Avram Hershko(For the discovery of the ubiquitin system of intracellular protein degradation and its many functions in the cell.) |
Gottfried Schatz(For the discovery of the transport of proteins into mitochondria.) |
Walter Neupert, Giuseppe Attardi(For his pioneering contribution to our understanding of the structure of the human mitochondrial genome and its role in human disease.) |
Carol W. Greider, Elizabeth Blackburn(For the discovery of the structure of telomeres and the enzyme that synthesizes them.) |
Alfred G. Knudson(For his development of a two-hit mutational hypothesis for the origin of cancer that related hereditary and non-hereditary forms of retinoblastoma and other tumors; this hypothesis has become a paradigm for mutational theories on the origins of cancer and led directly to the concept of suppressor oncogenes.) |
Erkki Ruoslahti, Richard Hynes(For the discovery and characterization of the molecules responsible for cell-substrate adhesion including fibronections and integrins: and for recognizing the importance of extracellular matrix-cell interactions in modulating cell phenotype, and their clinical relevance in such fields as cancer, blood coagulation and wound healing.) |
Corey S. Goodman(For his many contributions to development neurobiology, in particular for his initial cellular and subsequent molecular and genetic dissection of the mechanisms controlling the guidance of neuronal growth cones to find and recognize their correct targets.) |
Randy Schekman, James Rothman(For the identification of proteins involved in intracellular traffic and vesicle fusion.) |
Janet Rowley(For establishing the critical importance of chromosomal rearrangement as a specific cause of human cancer and for a lifetime of research to identify the genes that are rearranged to cause leukemia and lymphoma.) |
Barry Marshall(For the discovery of the role of Helicobacter Pylori as a cause of peptic ulcer disease and the benefit that patients receive from its eradication.) |
Robert S. Langer(For discoveries that led to the development of controlled drug release systems.) |
Roger Y. Tsien(For the design, synthesis and use of molecules to measure and manipulate intracellular signalling.) |
Arthur Kornberg, Bruce Alberts(For fundamental contributions to our understanding of the replication of DNA.) |
Donald Metcalf(For contributions to the clinical use of colony-stimulating factors in the treatment of depressed hematopoiesis.) |
Anthony Pawson, Anthony R. Hunter(For contributions to our understanding of the role of tyrosine kinases in signal transduction pathways that control cell growth.) |
Don Craig Wiley, Pamela J. Bjorkman(For contributions to our understanding of the immune system by elucidation of the complex formed between MHC class I proteins and peptides derived from foreign antigens.) |
Mario Capecchi, Oliver Smithies(For Pioneering work in the use of homologous recombination to generate targeted mutations in the mouse.) |
Stanley B. Prusiner(For elucidating the role of a novel infectious particle in certain diseases of the nervous system.) |
Michel Ter-Pogossian(For contributions to the development and application of positron emission tomography.) |
Alvan R. Feinstein(For his leading role in the establishment of the discipline of clinical epidemiology.) |
Leland H. Hartwell, Yoshio Masui, Paul Nurse(In recognition of their contributions in the field of cell cycle regulation.) |
Richard Peto(For his contributions to the design and analysis of clinical trials.) |
Bert Vogelstein, Robert Weinberg(For elucidating the genetic events leading to the development of specific cancers.) |
John R. Evans(In recognition of his outstanding worldwide leadership in medicine and medical science.) |
Sydney Brenner(In recognition of his highly original and conceptual contributions to molecular biology, and to the understanding of how genetic information is read and translated.) |
John Sulston(For establishing C. elegans as a model for studying genetic control of development.) |
Judah Folkman(For his contributions to our understanding of the process of angiogenesis.) |
Robert F. Furchgott(For his discovery and characterization of endothelial relaxing factor.) |
David MacLennan(For his contributions to our understanding of muscle membranes and ion transport.) |
Kary Mullis(For his discovery of the polymerase chain reaction.) |
Francis Collins, John R. Riordan, Tsui Lap-chee(For contributions to the identification of the gene for cystic fibrosis.) |
Victor Ling(For his discovery of the role of P-glycoprotein in the development of multidrug resistance of cancer cells.) |
Oliver Smithies, Edwin Southern(For the discovery, development and application of gel electrophoresis methods that allow the separation and identification of specific proteins and nucleic acids.) |
E. Donnall Thomas(For the development of bone marrow transplantation as a therapy for leukemia and other blood disorders.) |
Mark M. Davis, Tak Wah Mak(For contributions to the cloning and sequencing of the gene for the T-cell receptor.) |
Jean Marie Ghuysen(For elucidating the mechanism of action of the beta-Iactam group of antibiotics.) |
Louis M. Kunkel, Ronald G. Worton(For contributions to the isolation and cloning of the gene for Duchenne/Becker muscular dystrophy.) |
Erwin Neher, Bert Sakmann(For the development of the patch clamp technique.) |
Yasutomi Nishizuka(For his work in establishing the roles of inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, calcium and protein kinase C during signal transduction and in growth and differentiation.) |
Robert Lefkowitz(For contributions to our understanding of the structure and regulation of adrenergic receptors.) |
Michael A. Epstein(For the identification of the Epstein-Barr virus.) |
Thomas Cech(For the discovery that some forms of RNA have catalytic properties.) |
Michael Berridge(For his work in establishing the roles of inositol trisphosphate, diacylglycerol, calcium and protein kinase C during signal transduction and in growth and differentiation.) |
Albert Aguayo(For the discovery that regrowth and restoration of neural connections is possible in the injured adult mammalian central nervous system.) |
Michael Rossmann(For contributions to the field of x-ray crystallography and its application to the structure of the common cold virus.) |
Eric Kandel(For elucidating the mechanisms of learning and memory in nerve cells.) |
Edward B. Lewis, Walter Jakob Gehring(For the identification and analysis of genes that control embryonic development.) |
Luc Montagnier, Robert Gallo(For the identification and isolation of the virus causing acquired immune deficiency syndrome.) |
René Favaloro(For the introduction and development of coronary artery bypass surgery.) |
Michael Smith(For the development and use of the technique of site-specific mutagenesis.) |
Rolf M. Zinkernagel, Peter C. Doherty(For extending our understanding of the interaction of T lymphocytes with cells bearing foreign antigens.) |
Harald Sonnenberg, T. Geoffrey Flynn, Adolfo J. de Bold(For the discovery and characterization of atrial natriuretic factor.) |
Phillip Allen Sharp, James E. Darnell(For increasing our understanding of RNA processing and gene expression.) |
Jean-Francois Borel(For the discovery of the immunosuppressive properties of cyclosporine A.) |
Charles Yanofsky, Mark Ptashne(For their many contributions in the field of molecular genetics, especially in the field of gene regulation.) |
Mary F. Lyon(For her contributions to our understanding of X-chromosome inactivation and its significance in normal and abnormal development.) |
Raymond Lemieux(For his contributions to the organic synthesis and structural analysis of oligosaccharides with human blood-group antigen specificity.) |
Paul Lauterbur(For first proposing the use of nuclear magnetic resonance to produce images and demonstrating its application to human disease.) |
Stanley Cohen(In recognition of his research on growth factors, and particularly for the isolation, purification and elucidation of the function of epidermal growth factor.) |
Martin Rodbell, Alfred G. Gilman(For elucidating the mechanism by which peptide hormones act across cell membranes to influence cell function.) |
Yuet Wai Kan(For his discovery of DNA polymorphism in sickle cell disease and thalassemia and its application to the antenatal diagnosis of human disease.) |
Robert Noble(For his discovery of the important anticancer drug Vinblastine.) |
Kresimir Krnjevic(For his research on the mechanisms of brain cell communication.) |
Harold E. Varmus, J. Michael Bishop(For research on viral and cellular oncogenes that extends our understanding of the molecular basis of human cancer.) |
Susumu Tonegawa(For his discovery that antibody diversity is produced by somatic recombination and mutation of genes.) |
Richard K. Gershon(For his elucidation of the role of subpopulations of lymphocytes in regulating the immune response.) |
John A. Clements(For his characterization of pulmonary surfactant and his contributions to our understanding of the respiratory distress syndrome in infants.) |
Gerald D. Aurbach(For his pioneering work in the purification of parathyroid hormone and his continuing studies of its mechanism of action.) |
Bruce Ames(For his development of a rapid and sensitive screening test that detects potential carcinogens in our environment.) |
Donald Henderson(For his leading role in the World Health Organization program that eradicated smallpox throughout the world.) |
Manfred M. Mayer(For his contributions to our understanding of the function of complement.) |
Paul Janssen(In recognition of his invention of haloperidol and related drugs useful in the treatment of mental illness.) |
Arvid Carlsson(For his contributions to our understanding of the role of amines, particularly dopamine, as neurotransmitters.) |
Günter Blobel(For his contributions to our understanding of the ways in which newly-synthesized proteins are transported within cells.) |
Gilbert Ashwell(For his contributions to our understanding of the mechanisms by which carbohydrate markers regulate the recognition and uptake of proteins by cells.) |
Bengt I. Samuelsson(For his identification of thromboxanes and leukotrienes, and for his elucidation of their mechanism of action.) |
Louis Siminovitch(In recognition of his unique contributions to Canadian medicine as a geneticist of outstanding ability, as a wise and effective advisor to Government in the area of science policy, and as a leader of the Canadian academic community.) |
Saul Roseman(In recognition of his pioneering studies on the biosynthesis of complex carbohydrates, on their role in cell-cell interactions, and on the transport of sugars into cells.) |
Elizabeth F. Neufeld(In recognition of her elucidation of the enzyme defects in some mucopolysaccharide storage diseases.) |
César Milstein, Georges J. F. Köhler(In recognition of their application of a cell-fusion technique to form immortal cell lines which produce antibodies of a single specificity.) |
Jerry H-C. Wang, Wai Yiu Cheung(For their discovery of calmodulin.) |
Joseph L. Goldstein, Michael Stuart Brown(For their discovery of the role of receptor-mediated uptake of lipoproteins in the regulation of cholesterol metabolism.) |
Har Gobind Khorana(For the chemical synthesis of a functional gene.) |
Michael Sela(For his fundamental contribution to our understanding of the molecular basis of immunogenicity.) |
Jesse Roth(For the elucidation of mechanisms through which insulin and other peptide hormones interact with cells and of the ways in which these interactions are altered in disease states.) |
Efraim Racker(For his contributions to our knowledge of energy metabolism in cells and of transport in biological membranes.) |
Irving B. Fritz(For his discovery of the role of carnitine in the regulation of fatty acid metabolism.) |
Paul Berg(In recognition of his contributions to our understanding of the mechanisms of protein synthesis and of the interplay of viral and cellular genes in regulating growth and division.) |
Claude Fortier(In recognition of his contributions to Canadian medicine as a scientist, teacher and scientific advisor to goovernments.) |
Charles Scriver(In recognition of his contribution to understanding of genetic disease and, in particular, the detection of genetically-determined disease in large population groups, and the development of treatment programs for these disorders.) |
Frederick Sanger(In recognition of his development of methods for the sequencing of DNA and of his contributions to new concepts of gene structure.) |
Elwood V. Jensen(In recognition of his discovery of steroid receptors which has led to the elucidation of the action of steroid hormones and to the development of tests guiding endocrine treatment for cancer of the breast.) |
Walter Gilbert(In recognition of his contributions to our understanding of gene replication and regulation, and of the development of methods for sequencing of DNA and their application to studies of gene organization.) |
George F. Cahill, Jr.(In recognition of his contributions to our understanding of the interrelationships of hormones and body fuels in differing nutritional states of man.) |
James Black(In recognition of his role in the identification of amine receptors and in the development of the receptor-blocking drugs, Propranolol and Cimetidine.) |
Sydney Brenner(In recognition of his highly original and conceptual contributions to molecular biology, and to the understanding of how genetic information is read and translated.) |
Jean-Pierre Changeux(In recognition of his pioneering work in purifying and elucidating the mechanisms of the cholinergic receptor.) |
Donald S. Fredrickson(For his contributions to our understanding of the genetic, biochemical and clinical aspects of the hyperlipoproteinemias.) |
Samuel O. Freedman, Phil Gold(In recognition of their discovery of carcinoembryonic antigen, and for studies which elucidated its biological and clinical significance.) |
Edwin G. Krebs(For elucidating fundamental biochemical mechanisms related to glycogen breakdown: pioneer work that has enhanced our knowledge of hormone action.) |
Elizabeth C. Miller, James A. Miller(In recognition of their many important contributions to our understanding of how environmental chemicals, both naturally occurring and man made, induce cancer.) |
Lars Terenius(For his development of radioreceptor methods, their application to opiates and the detection of an endogenous opiate-like substance in the nervous system.) |
Karl Frank Austen(For his contributions to our understanding of the factors involved in the initiation, amplification and control of the inflammatory response.) |
Cyril Clarke(In recognition of his original and far-reaching contributions to the prevention of haemolytic disease of the newborn.) |
Jean Dausset(For recognition of the effects of histocompatibility antigens in humans, and his continuing leadership in the application of this knowledge to such diverse fields as transplantation immunology and the study of genetically determined diseases.) |
Henry Friesen(In recognition of his contributions to the understanding of the biochemistry, physiology and pathophysiology of lactogenic hormones and, in particular, for the identification of human prolactin.) |
Victor A. McKusick(In recognition of his many contributions to the development of the field of clinical genetics and his role in placing human genetics in the mainstream of clinical medicine.) |
Godfrey Hounsfield(In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the care of patients by the pioneer development of computerized tomography.) |
Thomas R. Dawber, William B. Kannel(For their careful epidemiologic studies, revealing risk factors in cardiovascular disease which have important implications for the prevention of these disorders.) |
Eugene P. Kennedy(For his elucidation of the biochemical pathways involved in triglyceride and phospholipid synthesis.) |
George Klein(For his contributions to our understanding of the biology of neoplastic cells and his distinguished work in tumour immunology.) |
George Davis Snell(For his identification of the major histocompatibility complex in mice, and for establishing methods of study fundamental to immunogenetics.) |
Keith J.R. Wightman(In recognition of his outstanding contributions to Canadian medicine as an educator, physician and leader of his profession.) |
Ernest Beutler(For elucidating the biochemical and genetic basis of the hemolytic anemias related to glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, and other studies on human erythrocytes.) |
Baruch Samuel Blumberg(In recognition of his discovery of the Australia antigen in 1963 and its association with hepatitis in 1967, greatly enhancing our knowledge of viral hepatitis type B, and its prevention.) |
Henri G. Hers(For fundamental discoveries related to glycogen metabolism and its disorders, disorders of fructose metabolism and the lysosomal basis of several inborn errors of metabolism.) |
Hugh Huxley(In recognition of outstanding contributions to our understanding of the molecular basis of muscle contraction.) |
John D. Keith(In recognition of his many and important contributions to our understanding of the natural history of congenital heart disease, which have formed the basis for the modern treatment of congenital heart malformations.) |
William Thornton Mustard(In recognition of his outstanding contributions in the area of cardiovascular surgery, in particular the achievement of the ingenious operation for the transposition of the great vessels, for which the operation now bears his name.) |
David Baltimore, Howard Martin Temin(For innovative and significant research on the mechanism of action of viruses in relation to tumor production.) |
Hector DeLuca(For his elucidation of the metabolism of vitamin D.) |
Roger Guillemin, Andrew Schally(For outstanding work on the identification, synthesis and clinical application of hypothalamic releasing hormones.) |
Hans J. Müller-Eberhard(For his contributions to our understanding of the molecular basis of the complement system in man.) |
Juda Hirsch Quastel(In recognition of his many contributions during a long career in biochemical research.) |
Harold E. Johns(For his pioneer work in the development of cobalt and high energy radiotherapy and for his many contributions to education and research in the fields of clinical physics and biophysics.) |
Teruko Ishizaka, Kimishige Ishizaka(For the identification and characterization of the new immunoglobulin class, IgE, which has led to an increased understanding of allergic mechanisms.) |
John Charnley(For his scholarly contributions to the biomechanics and lubrication of joints and, in particular, for his development of a practical, low friction arthroplasty for arthritis of the hip.) |
Denis Parsons Burkitt(For his recognition, clinical description and brilliant epidemiological study of the unusual lymphoma in Africa which now bears his name.) |
Roscoe Brady(For his work on the enzymology of complex lipids and his contribution to the management of lipid storage diseases.) |
Sune Bergström(In recognition of his contributions to the identification and chemical characterization of the prostaglandins, ubiquitous among mammalian tissues and having diverse biological activities.) |
Britton Chance(For his ingenuity in devising biophysical techniques for the observation of molecular events in living tissues, cells and organelles and for his unique imaginativeness in applying these techniques to bridge the gap between our knowledge of isolated enzymes and the phenomena of physiology and pharmacology.) |
Oleh Hornykiewicz(For his elucidation of the biochemical lesion in Parkinson's disease, and his other contributions to our knowledge of the physiology of the brain.) |
Ruth Sanger, R.R. Race(For their many important contributions to our knowledge of human blood groups, and for their brilliant application of this knowledge to problems in the fields of immunology, genetics, and clinical medicine.) |
Charles Herbert Best(In recognition of his part in the discovery and development of insulin, and for many other contributions to medical research. As a teacher, mentor and scientist he has inspired research workers and patients throughout the world.) |
Rachmiel Levine(In recognition of his many contributions to the study of diabetes mellitus, and especially for his pioneer work on the site of action of insulin.) |
Frederick Sanger(For his contributions to the study of the structure of complex biochemical substances, and in particular for determining the precise chemical composition of insulin.) |
Donald F. Steiner(In recognition of his discovery that insulin is derived from a larger precursor molecule, called pro-insulin - a model which may elucidate the biosynthesis of other active compounds.) |
Solomon Berson, Rosalyn Sussman Yalow(For their development of a reliable, specific and sensitive method for the assay of plasma insulin, and their subsequent application of the same principles in the measurement of other polypeptide substances.) |
Robert Bruce Merrifield(In recognition of his work on the solid phase method for synthesis of polypeptides and of his application of this method in the first synthesis of an enzyme. His work has made possible the systematic exploration of the structural basis of activity of enzymes, hormones, and antibodies.) |
Niels Kaj Jerne(In recognition of his contributions to knowledge of the cellular basis of the immune response. His formulation of the natural selection theory provided the first comprehensive model based on broad biological principles, and his discovery of a rapid, quantitative method for enumerating antibody-producing cells made possible a new approach to experimental studies of cellular events during immunization, both in his own laboratory and throughout the world.) |
Robert A. Good(In recognition of his many contributions to our understanding of host defense mechanisms. His elucidation of an array of immunological deficiency syndromes in infants and children susceptible to repeated and overwhelming infections has been particularly outstanding.) |
Richard Doll(In recognition of his contributions to the methodology of medical research, and to the clarification of complex epidemiological problems. In particular, his retrospective and prospective studies have established firmly the association between tobacco smoking and cancer of the lung, and the association between ionizing radiation and leukemia.) |
Vincent Dole(In recognition of his pioneer contributions to our understanding of the metabolism of free fatty acid and adipose tissue, and more recently for the significant work he has done in establishing a valuable method of treating narcotic addiction with methadone.) |
James Till, Ernest McCulloch(In recognition of their development of the spleen colony technique for measuring the capacity of primitive normal and neoplastic cells to multiply and differentiate in the body. This technique has been applied by them and their colleagues, and by many others, to gain important knowledge of the normal formation of blood cells, the behaviour of leukemic cells and methods of treating leukemia, and other aspects of cell biology.) |
F. Mason Sones(In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the investigation and treatment of coronary artery disease and, in particular, for his introduction of the technique of selected coronary arteriography which has permitted radiographic visualization of individual obstruction as an objective criterion of the need for revascularization of the myocardium.) |
Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr.(In recognition of his outstanding contributions to our understanding of the central role the adenylcyclase system plays in mediating many of the effects of hormones on metabolic processes.These discoveries, which emanated from a careful, imaginative and thorough analysis of the mechanisms by which epinephrine and glucagon increased glycogenolysis, have opened new fields for exploration.) |
Robert B. Salter(In recognition of his scientific contributions to an understanding of cartilage degeneration, epiphyseal necrosis, torsional deformation of bone and dysplasia of joints in relation to numerous musculoskeletal disorders, especially congenital dislocation of the hip. On the basis of his research he has designed safer treatment for young children and an original operation - innominate osteotomy - for older children both of which represent major advances in the prevention of degenerative arthritis of the hip in adult life.) |
Belding Hibbard Scribner(For the concept of chronic intermittent hemodialysis; the arteriovenous cannulas which made it possible; his role in the development of home dialysis and continued basic and clinical investigation in his field. Chronic intermittent hemodialysis has prolonged the useful lives of thousands of patients throughout the world and has made renal transplantation feasible.) |
John P. Merrill(In recognition of his contribution to the field of nephrology and particularly his pioneer work in kidney transplantation which has led to its development as a practical form of treatment and has advanced our knowledge of immunologic mechanisms.) |
Frank J. Dixon(In recognition of his outstanding contributions in immunology and immunopathology, particularly his investigations dealing with the elucidation of the pathogenesis of serum sickness and of experimental and human glomerulonephritis.) |
James Learmonth Gowans(In recognition of his contributions to a better understanding of the fate of the lymphocyte and its function in immune reactions. This work provides the experimental basis for selective suppression of immunologic mechanisms in human organ transplantations and a variety of diseases.) |
Bruce Chown(For his valuable contributions to the knowledge of human blood groups and particularly for his work on the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of hemolytic disease of the newborn, and for his leadership and inspiration of investigators concerned with clinical immunohematology.) |
George H. Hitchings(For his leadership in the development of metabolic inhibitors by systematic chemical modification of biologically important compounds. Agents developed in this way have proven valuable in the treatment of malaria, gout, malignant diseases, disorders of the immune system, in human organ transplantation, and a variety of diseases.) |
Jacques Oudin(In recognition of his contributions to immunochemistry through his analysis of antigen-antibody reactions in gelled media, and of his discovery and elucidation of genetic variations in the structure of immunoglobulins.) |
J. Edwin Seegmiller(For his elucidation of a number of inborn errors of metabolism and, in particular, for his discovery of an enzyme defect (phosphoribosyltransferase deficiency) in a neurological disease characterized by mental retardation, behavioural disturbances and over-production of uric acid.) |
Christian de Duve(For the discovery of Iysosomes. These are membrane bound subcellular particles containing hydrolytic enzymes and other biologically active substances. He isolated the characterized Iysosomes chemically and ultrastructurally. These subcellular particles play an important role in physiological and pathological processes. Their discovery has led to a better understanding of many disease processes and has opened innumerable new avenues of research.) |
Marshall Warren Nirenberg(In recognition of his contributions to our understanding of the mechanisms of protein synthesis. His work demonstrated the validity of concepts of the role of various nucleic acid species in the cell. He initiated and pursued studies which eventually led to a complete understanding of the chemical basis of the genetic code.) |
George Emil Palade(In recognition of his many contributions to the development of methods of preparing cells and tissues so that subcellular components could be adequately preserved and visualized in the electron microscope, and to his pioneering use of these methods to develop knowledge about structure and function of cellular components.) |
Julius Axelrod, Sidney Udenfriend(In recognition of their wide-ranging and fundamental discoveries in relation to the chemistry, biosynthesis, metabolism and pharmacology of biogenic amines, especially the catecholamines. This work has had a major influence in the fields of hypertension and psychopharmacology.) |
Harold Copp(In recognition of his important contributions to the problems of calcium homeostasis, particularly his demonstration of the existence of a new hormone calcitonin which directly alters blood calcium levels and also his confirmation that the source of the hormone is the ultimobranchial glands.) |
Iain Macintyre(In recognition of his important contributions in the field of mineral metabolism, and in particular for his studies of the physiology of calcitonin, and for his elucidation of numerous aspects of magnesium metabolism in experimental animals and man.) |
Peter J. Moloney(In recognition of a long and distinguished career marked by many important contributions to immunology and diabetes.This has included the introduction of toxoids for immunization against diptheria and tetanus, the demonstration in animals and man of antibodies against insulin and the development of sulphated insulin, which is effective in patients who have become insulin resistant.) |
James Fraser Mustard(In recognition of his outstanding contributions in the fields of thrombosis and artherosclerosis, particularly his investigation of platelet economy, function, and metabolism, which have pointed to a relationship between thrombosis and artherosclerosis, and specifically for his classical experimental flow model demonstrating sites of thrombus accumulation, for the demonstration of platelet phagocytosis, and for the elucidation of factors affecting platelet aggregation.) |
Rodney Robert Porter(In recognition of his outstanding achievements in the field of immunochemistry. He has applied with incisive clarity the tools of the protein chemist to the problem of antibody structure. His methods for breaking antibodies into smaller molecular fragments provided a foundation for our understanding of the molecular architecture of these complex molecules.) |
Geoffrey S. Dawes(For his outstanding contributions to our understanding of the physiological behaviour and biochemical changes occurring in the foetus in utero, and in particular for his clarification of the adjustments that occur at birth during the changeover to extra-uterine life. His basic investigations have added greatly to the knowledge of resuscitation of the newborn and resulted in the saving of many infant lives.) |
Charles Brenton Huggins(In recognition of his pioneer work in the treatment of cancer with hormonal substances, and his use of a chemical means of monitoring the response in carcinoma of the prostate. Both these principles have subsequently been applied to other types of cancer with good effect.) |
Willem Johan Kolff(In recognition of his early work on the development of an artificial kidney, which has in recent years contributed to the prolongation of life of many patients suffering from renal failure, and has made it practical to consider the use of kidney transplants. His work continues in an effort to develop other artificial organs.) |
Luis Federico Leloir(In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the field of carbohydrate chemistry and metabolism and, in particular, for his discovery of the sugar nucleotides and their fundamental reactions in the biosynthesis of disaccharides and polysaccharides. This work has opened new lines of research to many other workers in relation to drug detoxification, bile pigment metabolism, and the immunochemistry of bacterial and tissue cell walls.) |
Jacques Miller(In recognition of his fundamental contributions to our understanding of the role of the thymus in the development of normal immunological mechanisms in early life, and in their maintenance in the adult, and for the stimulus which his studies of the thymus gave to the rapidly developing field of immunobiology.) |
Jan G. Waldenström(In recognition of his contributions to our knowledge of certain metabolic disorders and in particular for his clarification of the serum protein abnormalities in multiple myeloma and in essential macroglobulinaemia.These observations have contributed materially to a better understanding of the function of certain high molecular weight antibodies, the structure of gamma globulins, and the cell types which gave rise to them.) |
Charles Philippe Leblond(In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of cellular biology by developing the technique of autoradiography with which he has studied the functioning of the thyroid gland and the rate of cell growth and renewal in various tissues of the body.) |
Jerome W. Conn(In recognition of his contributions in the field of endocrinology and in particular for his investigations establishing the clinical significance of aldosterone, a hormone of the adrenal cortex, in various types of hypertension and edema; also in recognition of his studies in the use of oral medications for the control of diabetes.) |
Robin Coombs(In recognition of his contributions in the development of serological techniques and in particular for the test he introduced to detect the presence of Rh antibodies on red blood cells. This discovery has been fundamental to advances in the field of blood transfusion and has increased our understanding of diseases in which antibodies seem to be involved.) |
Charles Enrique Dent(In recognition of his contributions in the field of human metabolism and his role as the first to apply the technique of paper chromatography to the isolation and identification of substances in the blood and body fluids of patients, a technique which has revolutionized investigation of a number of genetic disorders involving amino acids and other substances.) |
Daniel J. McCarty(In recognition of his contributions in the field of rheumatology and in particular for his demonstration that crystals of uric acid and calcium in the fluids in and about the joints are ingested by leukocytes which then release a substance which causes an inflammatory reaction. This discovery has had a bearing on the mechanism of acute attacks of gout and may also contribute to better knowledge of the causes of rheumatoid arthritis.) |
Frederick Horace Smirk(In recognition of his total contribution to our understanding of the causes and treatment of hypertension and in particular for his clinical evaluation of nerve-blocking drugs in the treatment of high blood pressure.) |
Seymour Benzer(In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the knowledge of genetics and molecular biology, and in particular for his elucidation of the fine structure of genes, which has made it possible to extend the limits of genetic resolution by relating genetic changes to chemical alterations in deoxyribonucleic acid, thus clarifying the chemical bases of heredity in determining the nature and properties of cells and viruses.) |
Karl H. Beyer Jr.(In recognition of his significant contributions to the knowledge of pharmacology and the understanding of renal physiology and, in particular, for his painstaking research, perceptive observations and scientific leadership resulting in the discovery of uricosuric and improved diuretic drugs, which now bring relief to millions of sufferers from gout and gouty arthritis, and the edema associated with heart disease.) |
Deborah Doniach, Ivan Roitt(In recognition of their important contributions to the knowledge of immunology and, in particular, for the demonstration of the presence of thyroglobulin antibodies in the serum of patients with Hashimoto's disease, and the stimulation which his research has given to the developing concept and understanding of diseases of auto-immunity.) |
Donald Walter Gordon Murray(In recognition of his important contributions to the knowledge of cardiac physiology and pathology, and the development of several important techniques in cardiac surgery, and especially for his scientific courage in the pursuit of knowledge of clinical significance in many fields of medicine and surgery.) |
Keith R. Porter(In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of cellular biology and, in particular, for his development and application of sophisticated techniques of electron microscopy resulting in his early demonstration of many important features of the fine structure of cells, including the endoplasmic reticulum.) |
Murray Barr(In recognition of his outstanding contributions to the knowledge of micro anatomy and human cytogenetics and, in particular, for his discovery of a technique for the specific identification of male and female cells, thus opening vast new areas for research into the normal and abnormal development of bodily structures, which have led to an improved understanding of several important congenital anomalies including some errors of sexual development and some forms of mental retardation.) |
Jacques Genest(In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of vascular physiology and, in particular, for his studies of the mechanism of hypertension, and especially for his demonstration that the increased secretion of aldosterone observed in many patients suffering from this disorder is stimulated by angiotensin.) |
Irvine Page(In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of cardiac and vascular physiology, pharmacology, and endocrinology, and, in particular, for his persevering leadership in these fields, which in association with numerous colleagues has led to several discoveries of importance, notably the existence and synthesis of angiotensin, an important factor in the understanding and management of hypertension, and the existence of serotonin, which has laid the foundation for many advances in neuro chemistry.) |
Pierre Grabar(In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of biochemistry and, in particular, for his contributions to immunohistochemistry, including the development of the immunoelectrophoretic technique, which has made possible the specific identification of many bodily proteins, thus opening important new avenues for research in diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, in which disordered immunological responses appear to be implicated.) |
C. Walton Lillehei(In recognition of his distinguished contribution to the knowledge of cardiac surgery and cardiac physiology and, in particular, for his pioneering contributions to open heart surgery before the development of pump oxygenators, his contributions to the improvement of the mechanical means of extra corporeal circulation, his early use of cardiac pace makers, and his practical and theoretical leadership in the development of successful surgical techniques for the correction of congenital and acquired heart defects.) |
Eric G.L. Bywaters(In recognition of his distinguished contributions to the knowledge of rheumatology and pediatrics and, in particular, for his painstaking delineations of the natural history of juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, and for his penetrating and critical descriptions of several other rheumatic syndromes, which have provided criteria for diagnosis and prognosis, establishing an improved basis for the treatment decisions which must be made on behalf of patients suffering from these diseases.) |
Francis Crick(In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of molecular biology and genetics, including his inspiring investigations of the nucleic acids which have shown how genetic information can be impressed and stored in the germ cells of parents and be transmitted to succeeding generations, his studies of the molecular structure of collagen and especially his brilliant development of the 'coding' theory - a concept which explains the way in which information carried in the genes determines the amino acid sequence and therefore the structure and character of all the many different proteins which are continuously being synthesized by the living organism. His theories and discoveries have opened vast avenues through which greater understanding of the basic processes of life may be achieved.) |
Albert Coons(In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of pathology and immunology, and especially for his development of the fluorescent antibody technique which has cast new light on hypersensitivity reactions, and which has opened important new avenues for the study of diseases, such as rheumatoid arthritis, glomerulonephritis, rheumatic fever and disseminated lupus erythematosus, in which these reactions may be involved.) |
Clarence Crafoord(In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of cardiology and especially for his leadership in the field of cardiac surgery, including his pioneer development of operations to correct coarctation of the aorta and patent ductus arteriosus.) |
Henry Kunkel(In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of medicine and especially for his serological, immunological and metabolic studies of protein molecules, which have increased the understanding of such diverse diseases as cirrhosis of the liver, multiple myeloma, arteriosclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and disseminated lupus erythematosus.) |
Stanley Sarnoff(In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of cardiac physiology and especially for his demonstration of the interrelated roles of the nervous system, hormones and heart size in the control of cardiac performance, thus establishing physiological principles which have assisted medical scientists to better understand the action of the heart in normal and diseased states.) |
Russell Brock, Baron Brock(In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of the functional pathology, investigation and surgery of congenital and rheumatic heart disease and especially for his elucidation of the factors, both valvular and muscular, which may obstruct the flow of blood from either the right or the left side of the heart into the main arteries of the lungs and body, which has led to the rational surgical management of such obstructive diseases of the heart.) |
Alan C. Burton(In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of cardiovascular physiology and especially for his achievements in applying the basic laws of physics to the peripheral and pulmonary circulations, thus providing scientific explanation of the factors governing the collapse, the opening up, and the size of blood vessels which has also brought about an improved understanding of the behaviour of blood vessels in health and disease.) |
Alexander B. Gutman(In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of rheumatology and biochemistry, and especially for his achievements in elucidating the metabolic defects present in gout, and in demonstrating the action of certain drugs which increase the excretion of uric acid, thus leading to the present situation in which it is possible to exercise almost perfect control over attacks of acute gout and prevent gouty arthritis.) |
Jonas H. Kellgren(In recognition of his many contributions to the knowledge of rheumatology and epidemiology and especially for his leadership in devising and executing scientific studies of the prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis, providing for greater understanding of the natural history of this disease, thus contributing to progressive improvements in methods for its diagnosis and treatment.) |
Ulf von Euler(In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of the substances released at the nerve endings of the sympathetic nervous system and especially for his recognition that noradrenaline was the most important substance and that it was present in significant amount in all body organs (including the heart) that have a sympathetic nerve supply. By these basic and important discoveries he has opened up new vistas of cardiovascular research which both he and others continue to study and continue to add to our knowledge of cardiovascular phenomena in health and disease.) |
Joshua Harold Burn(In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of pharmacology, cardiac-physiology and vaso-neurology, and especially for his achievements in elucidating the role of various drugs, noradrenaline and the sympathetic nervous system in the excitation and control of cardio-vascular disease.) |
John Heysham Gibbon(In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of cardiology, and especially for his achievement in developing and using a heart-lung machine in the first successful surgical correction of a heart defect in a human patient, thus introducing new and practical means for prolonging life among persons with congenital and acquired heart defects.) |
William F. Hamilton(In recognition of his many contributions to the knowledge of cardiac physiology, and especially for his achievement in developing the dye dilution technique for determining cardiac output, which has made possible many advances in the diagnosis and investigation of heart disease.) |
John McMichael(In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of cardiology and clinical physiology and especially for his achievements in the early application of cardiac catheterization technique to the measurement of cardiac pressure and output, thus making an important contribution to the understanding of heart failure.) |
Karl Friedrich Meyer(In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of physiology and pathology, and especially for his achievements in elucidating the chemical structure of the ground substance found in connective tissue, site of the inflammatory processes involved in the rheumatic diseases.) |
Arnold Rice Rich(In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of pathology and immunology, and especially for his achievements in demonstrating the role of hypersensitivity in the production of certain tissue lesions, such as those found in various rheumatic and other diseases, thus introducing new methods for their further investigation.) |
Alfred Blalock(In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of medicine and especially for outstanding achievement in developing an operation for the treatment of congenital heart lesions, thus introducing a new era in cardiac surgery.) |
Charles A. Ragan, Harry M. Rose(In recognition of his contribution to the knowledge of rheumatology and especially for achievement in introducing an agglutination test which has become a valuable investigative procedure in differentiation of rheumatoid arthritis from other rheumatic diseases, thus revealing a hitherto unknown avenue for the investigation of their origin.) |
William D.M. Paton, Eleanor Zaimis(In recognition of his contribution to the knowledge of pharmacology and especially for meritorious achievement in introducing the methonium compounds, which have played a valuable role in the treatment of hypertension.) |
Wilfred Gordon Bigelow(In recognition of his contributions to the knowledge of cardiology and especially for his achievement in developing the hypothermia method of open heart surgery.) |
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